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A network growth mechanism based on a two-step preferential rule is investigated as a model of network growth in which no global knowledge of the network is required. In the first filtering step a subset of fixed size $m$ of existing nodes…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2009-11-10 Hrvoje Stefancic , Vinko Zlatic

A variation of ordered trees, where each rightmost edge might be marked or not, if it does not lead to an endnode, is investigated. These marked ordered trees were introduced by E. Deutsch et al.\ to model skew Dyck paths. We study the…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2022-02-16 Helmut Prodinger

We introduce the zip tree, a form of randomized binary search tree that integrates previous ideas into one practical, performant, and pleasant-to-implement package. A zip tree is a binary search tree in which each node has a numeric rank…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2022-02-23 Robert E. Tarjan , Caleb C. Levy , Stephen Timmel

We study learning-augmented binary search trees (BSTs) via Treaps with carefully designed priorities. The result is a simple search tree in which the depth of each item $x$ is determined by its predicted weight $w_x$. Specifically, each…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-05-16 Jingbang Chen , Xinyuan Cao , Alicia Stepin , Li Chen

Dynamic trees are mixtures of tree structured belief networks. They solve some of the problems of fixed tree networks at the cost of making exact inference intractable. For this reason approximate methods such as sampling or mean field…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2013-01-18 Amos J. Storkey

We consider the following generalization of the binary search problem. A search strategy is required to locate an unknown target node $t$ in a given tree $T$. Upon querying a node $v$ of the tree, the strategy receives as a reply an…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2017-02-28 Dariusz Dereniowski , Adrian Kosowski , Przemyslaw Uznanski , Mengchuan Zou

We define simple variants of zip trees, called zip-zip trees, which provide several advantages over zip trees, including overcoming a bias that favors smaller keys over larger ones. We analyze zip-zip trees theoretically and empirically,…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Ofek Gila , Michael T. Goodrich , Robert E. Tarjan

We give a 2-approximation algorithm for the Maximum Agreement Forest problem on two rooted binary trees. This NP-hard problem has been studied extensively in the past two decades, since it can be used to compute the Subtree…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2016-04-29 Frans Schalekamp , Anke van Zuylen , Suzanne van der Ster

The class of self-nested trees presents remarkable compression properties because of the systematic repetition of subtrees in their structure. In this paper, we provide a better combinatorial characterization of this specific family of…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2018-10-26 Romain Azaïs , Jean-Baptiste Durand , Christophe Godin

The working-set bound [Sleator and Tarjan, J. ACM, 1985] roughly states that searching for an element is fast if the element was accessed recently. Binary search trees, such as splay trees, can achieve this property in the amortized sense,…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2009-07-14 Prosenjit Bose , Karim Douïeb , Vida Dujmović , John Howat

The protection number of a vertex $v$ in a tree is the length of the shortest path from $v$ to any leaf contained in the maximal subtree where $v$ is the root. In this paper, we determine the distribution of the maximum protection number of…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-11-26 Clemens Heuberger , Sarah J. Selkirk , Stephan Wagner

When considering the number of subtrees of trees, the extremal structures which maximize this number among binary trees and trees with a given maximum degree lead to some interesting facts that correlate to other graphical indices in…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2012-10-11 Xiu-Mei Zhang , Xiao-Dong Zhang , Daniel Gray , Hua Wang

Many of the distributed localization algorithms are based on relaxed optimization formulations of the localization problem. These algorithms commonly rely on first-order optimization methods, and hence may require many iterations or…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2016-07-19 Sina Khoshfetrat Pakazad , Emre Özkan , Carsten Fritsche , Anders Hansson , Fredrik Gustafsson

We study fringe subtrees of random $ m $-ary search trees and of preferential attachment trees, by putting them in the context of generalised P\'olya urns. In particular we show that for the random $ m $-ary search trees with $ m\leq 26 $…

Probability · Mathematics 2016-03-29 Cecilia Holmgren , Svante Janson , Matas Šileikis

In this paper we present novel algorithmic techniques with a O(H(N)+N/H(N)) time complexity for performing several types of queries and updates on general rooted trees, binary search trees and lists of size N. For rooted trees we introduce…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2013-03-25 Mugurel Ionut Andreica

Alphabetic codes and binary search trees are combinatorial structures that abstract search procedures in ordered sets endowed with probability distributions. In this paper, we design new linear-time algorithms to construct alphabetic codes,…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-07-24 Roberto Bruno , Roberto De Prisco , Alfredo De Santis , Ugo Vaccaro

Two kinds of evolving trees are considered here: the exponential trees, where subsequent nodes are linked to old nodes without any preference, and the Barab\'asi--Albert scale-free networks, where the probability of linking to a node is…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2007-05-23 K. Malarz , J. Czaplicki , B. Kawecka-Magiera , K. Kulakowski

We prove limit theorems for sums of functions of subtrees of binary search trees and random recursive trees. In particular, we give simple new proofs of the fact that the number of fringe trees of size $ k=k_n $ in the binary search tree…

Probability · Mathematics 2014-06-27 Cecilia Holmgren , Svante Janson

Highly dynamic networks are characterized by frequent changes in the availability of communication links. These networks are often partitioned into several components, which split and merge unpredictably. We present a distributed algorithm…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2017-10-25 Matthieu Barjon , Arnaud Casteigts , Serge Chaumette , Colette Johnen , Yessin M. Neggaz

Consider the following generalization of the classic binary search problem: a searcher is required to find a hidden vertex $x$ in a tree $T$. To do so, they iteratively perform queries to an oracle, each about a chosen vertex $v$. After…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Michał Szyfelbein