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Benford's Law states that the frequency of first digits of numbers in naturally occurring systems is not evenly distributed. Numbers beginning with a 1 occur roughly 30\% of the time, and are six times more common than numbers beginning…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2016-02-17 Jennifer Golbeck

Benford's law is a statistical inference to predict the frequency of significant digits in naturally occurring numerical databases. In such databases this law predicts a higher occurrence of the digit 1 in the most significant place and…

Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability · Physics 2016-01-20 Gaurav Bhole , Abhishek Shukla , T. S. Mahesh

We show how Benford's Law (BL) for first, second, ..., digits, emerges from the distribution of digits of numbers of the type $a^{R}$, with $a$ any real positive number and $R$ a set of real numbers uniformly distributed in an interval $[…

Probability · Mathematics 2009-09-22 Victor Romero-Rochin

It is well-known that sequences such as the Fibonacci numbers and the factorials satisfy Benford's Law, that is, leading digits in these sequences occur with frequencies given by $P(d)=\log_{10}(1+1/d)$, $d=1,2,\dots,9$. In this paper, we…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2021-08-10 Zhaodong Cai , A. J. Hildebrand , Junxian Li

A random variable (r.v.) X is said to follow Benford's law if log(X) is uniform mod 1. Many experimental data sets prove to follow an approximate version of it, and so do many mathematical series and continuous random variables. This…

Probability · Mathematics 2009-10-09 Nicolas Gauvrit , Jean-Paul Delahaye

A phenomenological law, called Benford's law, states that the occurrence of the first digit, i.e., $1,2,...,9$, of numbers from many real world sources is not uniformly distributed, but instead favors smaller ones according to a logarithmic…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2010-04-22 Lijing Shao , Bo-Qiang Ma

A statistical model for the fragmentation of a conserved quantity is analyzed, using the principle of maximum entropy and the theory of partitions. Upper and lower bounds for the restricted partitioning problem are derived and applied to…

Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability · Physics 2015-03-31 Joseph R. Iafrate , Steven J. Miller , Frederick W. Strauch

The Newcomb-Benford law, also known as the first-digit law, gives the probability distribution associated with the first digit of a dataset, so that, for example, the first significant digit has a probability of $30.1$ % of being $1$ and…

Popular Physics · Physics 2021-08-25 Andrea Burgos , Andrés Santos

Benford's law states that for many random variables X > 0 its leading digit D = D(X) satisfies approximately the equation P(D = d) = log_{10}(1 + 1/d) for d = 1,2,...,9. This phenomenon follows from another, maybe more intuitive fact,…

Probability · Mathematics 2008-06-25 Lutz Duembgen , Christoph Leuenberger

Benford's law is an empirical edict stating that the lower digits appear more often than higher ones as the first few significant digits in statistics of natural phenomena and mathematical tables. A marked proportion of such analyses is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-07-16 Anindita Bera , Utkarsh Mishra , Sudipto Singha Roy , Anindya Biswas , Aditi Sen De , Ujjwal Sen

The first digit law, also known as Benford's law or the significant digit law, is an empirical phenomenon that the leading digit of numbers from real world sources favors small ones in a form $\log(1+{1}/{d})$, where $d=1, 2, ..., 9$. Such…

Other Statistics · Statistics 2019-08-14 Mingshu Cong , Bo-Qiang Ma

We show that the frequency distribution of the first significant digits of the numbers in the data sets generated from a large class of measures of quantum correlations, which are either entanglement measures, or belong to the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-07-28 Titas Chanda , Tamoghna Das , Debasis Sadhukhan , Amit Kumar Pal , Aditi Sen De , Ujjwal Sen

We discuss a common suspicion about reported financial data, in 10 industrial sectors of the 6 so called "main developing countries" over the time interval [2000-2014]. These data are examined through Benford's law first significant digit…

Statistical Finance · Quantitative Finance 2017-12-04 Jing Shi , Marcel Ausloos , Tingting Zhu

Benford's Law predicts that the first significant digit on the leftmost side of numbers in real-life data is proportioned between all possible 1 to 9 digits approximately as in LOG(1 + 1/digit), so that low digits occur much more frequently…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2019-01-03 Alex Ely Kossovsky

Benford's law states that in data sets from different phenomena leading digits tend to be distributed logarithmically such that the numbers beginning with smaller digits occur more often than those with larger ones. Particularly, the law is…

Physics and Society · Physics 2016-01-12 Tariq Ahmad Mir

Benford's law is an empirical law predicting the distribution of the first significant digits of numbers obtained from natural phenomena and mathematical tables. It has been found to be applicable for numbers coming from a plethora of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-09-05 Ameya Deepak Rane , Utkarsh Mishra , Anindya Biswas , Aditi Sen De , Ujjwal Sen

Fix a base B and let zeta have the standard exponential distribution; the distribution of digits of zeta base B is known to be very close to Benford's Law. If there exists a C such that the distribution of digits of C times the elements of…

Probability · Mathematics 2010-11-16 Steven J. Miller , Mark. J. Nigrini

We derive a necessary and sufficient condition for the sum of M independent continuous random variables modulo 1 to converge to the uniform distribution in L^1([0,1]), and discuss generalizations to discrete random variables. A consequence…

Probability · Mathematics 2010-09-15 Steven J. Miller , Mark J. Nigrini

Benford's law is frequently used to evaluate the likihood that data is misrepresentative. Typically statistical tests measure the likihood. Another method of employing Benford's law is to compare the frequency of leading digits to the…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2013-01-28 Aaron Carl Smith

The reproducibility of academic research has long been a persistent issue, contradicting one of the fundamental principles of science. What is even more concerning is the increasing number of false claims found in academic manuscripts…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Teddy Lazebnik , Dan Gorlitsky