Related papers: The Early Universe and Planck's Radiation Law
The classical and quantum models of the Friedmann universe originally filled with a scalar field and radiation have been studied. The radiation has been used to specify a reference frame that makes it possible to remove ambiguities in…
Following the recent study on the emergent Friedmann equation from the expansion of cosmic space for a flat universe, we apply this method to a nonflat universe, and modify the evolution equation to lead to the Friedmann equation. In order…
We study cosmological solutions for the very early universe beginning at the Planck scale for a universe containing radiation, curvature and, as a simplification of a possible scalar field potential, a cosmological constant term. The…
At the early stage of the Universe-evolution there were no stars and no galaxies, but only a uniform hot plasma consisting of free electrons and free nuclei. The Universe temperature was determined by the Stefan-Boltzmann law of…
We study the statistical mechanics of the early radiation dominated universe in the context of a generalized uncertainty principle which supports the existence of a minimal length scale. Utilizing the resultant modified thermodynamical…
We construct models of universe with a generalized equation of state $p=(\alpha \rho+k\rho^{1+1/n})c^2$ having a linear component and a polytropic component. In this paper, we consider positive indices $n>0$. In that case, the polytropic…
We present a new picture of the early universe in finite nonlocal quantum gravity, which is Weyl invariant at the classical and quantum levels. The high-energy regime of the theory consists of two phases, a Weyl invariant trans-Planckian…
The evolution of a universe with Brans-Dicke gravity and nonzero curvature is investigated here. We present the equations of motion and their solutions during the radiation dominated era. In a Friedman-Robertson-Walker cosmology we show…
Analytical solutions are obtained for the early cosmological phases in the scale invariant models with curvature k=0. They complete the analytical solutions already found in the matter--dominated era by (Jesus 2018). The physical properties…
In this work we present some cosmologically relevant solutions using the spatially flat Friedmann-Lemaitre-Robertson-Walker (FLRW) spacetime in metric $f(R)$ gravity where the form of the gravitational Lagrangian is given by…
Friedmann-Lemaitre equations with contributions coming from matter, curvature, cosmological constant, and radiation, when written in terms of conformal time u rather than in terms of cosmic time t, can be solved explicitly in terms of…
A lagrangian for the $k-$ essence field is constructed for a constant scalar potential and its form determined when the scale factor was very small compared to the present epoch but very large compared to the inflationary epoch. This means…
We use the Brans-Dicke theory from the framework of General Relativity (Einstein frame), but now the total energy momentum tensor fulfills the following condition $\rm <[\{1}{\phi}T^{\mu \nu M}+T^{\mu \nu}(\phi)>]_{;\nu}=0$. We take as a…
Several lectures for non-experts on equilibrium and non-equilibrium kinetics in expanding universe are presented. An establishment of thermal equilibrium in the ealry universe as well as mechanisms leading to deviations from the equilibrium…
The observability of primordial cosmic fluctuations does not require a geometric horizon $H^{-1}$, which is exceeded temporarily by the wavelength of fluctuations. The primordial information can be protected against later thermal washout…
A cubic correction of $f(T)$ gravity, where $T$ is the teleparallel scalar torsion, is considered to describe gravity in spatially flat Friedmann-Robertson-Walker model. A scale factor permitting departure from inflation era has been…
Consideration of the adiabatic character of radiation expansion in early Universe leads to the conclusion that equilibrium distribution of the primordial radiation in the presence of charged particles could be different from the Planck…
Fractional cosmology modifies the standard derivative to Caputo's fractional derivative of order $\mu$, generating changes in General Relativity. Friedmann equations are modified, and the evolution of the species densities depends on $\mu$…
The standard $\Lambda$CDM model despite its agreement with observational data still has some issues unaddressed, lie the problem of initial singularity. Solving that problem usually requires modifications of general relativity. However,…
We present an explicit numerical implementation of the Friedmann equations to model the expansion of the Universe in spatially flat, homogeneous and isotropic Friedmann-Lemaitre-Robertson-Walker (FLRW) cosmologies. Using cosmological…