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Testing General Relativity (GR) is a key science goal of much of modern physics, and usually results in constraints that are either theory or context specific. We present an holistic framework that we dub `Parametrized Post-Newtonian…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-08-19 Daniel B Thomas , Theodore Anton , Timothy Clifton

Linear cosmological perturbation theory is pivotal to a theoretical understanding of current cosmological experimental data provided e.g. by cosmic microwave anisotropy probes. A key issue in that theory is to extract the gauge invariant…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2010-02-17 K. Giesel , S. Hofmann , T. Thiemann , O. Winkler

There is a distinct possibility that current and future cosmological data can be used to constrain Einstein's theory of gravity on the very largest scales. To be able to do this in a model-independent way, it makes sense to work with a…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2012-01-13 Tessa Baker , Pedro G. Ferreira , Constantinos Skordis , Joe Zuntz

Several model-independent parameterizations of deviations from General Relativity have been developed to test Einstein's theory. Although these different parameterizations were developed for different gravitational observables, they…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2015-06-16 Laura Sampson , Nicolas Yunes , Neil Cornish

The debate on gravity theories to extend or modify General Relativity is very active today because of the issues related to ultra-violet and infra-red behavior of Einstein's theory. In the first case, we have to address the Quantum Gravity…

Modifications of general relativity provide an alternative explanation to dark energy for the observed acceleration of the universe. We review recent developments in modified gravity theories, focusing on higher dimensional approaches and…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2015-05-18 Bhuvnesh Jain , Justin Khoury

The Standard Model of particle physics and the theory of General Relativity (GR) currently provide a good description of almost all phenomena of particle physics and gravitation that have received controlled experimental tests. However, the…

Atomic Physics · Physics 2009-01-23 Thomas Dent

Standard cosmological models rely on an approximate treatment of gravity, utilizing solutions of the linearized Einstein equations as well as physical approximations. In an era of precision cosmology, we should ask: are these approximate…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2019-02-06 John T. Giblin , James B. Mertens , Glenn D. Starkman , Chi Tian

In this paper I investigate the possibility to test Einstein's equations with observations of cosmological large scale structure. I first show that we have not tested the equations in observations concerning only the homogeneous and…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2022-08-31 Ruth Durrer

The acceleration of the universe can be explained either through dark energy or through the modification of gravity on large scales. In this paper we investigate modified gravity models and compare their observable predictions with dark…

Astrophysics · Physics 2008-11-26 Edmund Bertschinger , Phillip Zukin

It is well-known that allowing for spatial curvature affects constraints on cosmological parameters such as the dark energy equation of state parameters. Here we study the effect of curvature on constraints on parameters used to test…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2013-05-30 Jason Dossett , Mustapha Ishak

This paper is a pedagogical introduction to models of gravity and how to constrain them through cosmological observations. We focus on the Horndeski scalar-tensor theory and on the quantities that can be measured with a minimum of…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2020-01-27 Luca Amendola , Dario Bettoni , Ana Marta Pinho , Santiago Casas

The cosmological constant and its phenomenology remain among the greatest puzzles in theoretical physics. We review how modifications of Einstein's general relativity could alleviate the different problems associated with it that result…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2022-10-14 The FADE Collaboration , Heliudson Bernardo , Benjamin Bose , Guilherme Franzmann , Steffen Hagstotz , Yutong He , Aliki Litsa , Florian Niedermann

This article provides a cartoon of the quantization of General Relativity using the ideas of effective field theory. These ideas underpin the use of General Relativity as a theory from which precise predictions are possible, since they show…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2007-05-23 C. P. Burgess

In this paper we introduce a new public Einstein-Boltzmann solver, \texttt{MGCLASS II}, built as a modification to the publicly available \texttt{CLASS} code, that allows to obtain cosmological observables for Modified Gravity theories. It…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2022-06-28 Ziad Sakr , Matteo Martinelli

In this lecture I address the issue of possible large distance modification of gravity and its observational consequences. Although, for the illustrative purposes we focus on a particular simple generally-covariant example, our conclusions…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2007-05-23 Gia Dvali

Gravitational wave observations have great potential to reveal new information about the fundamental nature of gravity, but extracting that information can be difficult. One popular technique is the parametrized inspiral test of general…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2022-06-29 Scott Perkins , Nicolas Yunes

Recently, several interesting proposals were made modifying the law of gravity on large scales, within a sensible relativistic formulation. This allows a precise formulation of the idea that such a modification might account for galaxy…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2010-04-06 A. Aguirre , C. P. Burgess , A. Friedland , D. Nolte

We discuss theoretical formalisms concerning with experimental verification of General Relativity (GR). Non-metric generalizations of GR are considered and a system of postulates is formulated for metric-affine and Finsler gravitational…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2007-05-23 A. N. Alexandrov , I. B. Vavilova , V. I. Zhdanov

We consider some of the epistemic benefits of exploring "theory space" in the context of modifications of general relativity with intended applications in cosmology. We show how studying modifications of general relativity can help in…

History and Philosophy of Physics · Physics 2023-05-01 Chris Smeenk , James Owen Weatherall