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Tree-based and rule-based machine learning models play pivotal roles in explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) due to their unique ability to provide explanations in the form of tree or rule sets that are easily understandable and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-06 Marija Kopanja , Miloš Savić , Luca Longo

Learning interpretable models has become a major focus of machine learning research, given the increasing prominence of machine learning in socially important decision-making. Among interpretable models, rule lists are among the best-known…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-19 Leonardo Pellegrina , Fabio Vandin

There are many approaches for training decision trees. This work introduces a novel gradient-based method for constructing decision trees that optimize arbitrary differentiable loss functions, overcoming the limitations of heuristic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-25 Andrei V. Konstantinov , Lev V. Utkin

On the one hand, artificial neural networks (ANNs) are commonly labelled as black-boxes, lacking interpretability; an issue that hinders human understanding of ANNs' behaviors. A need exists to generate a meaningful sequential logic of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-19 Duy T. Nguyen , Kathryn E. Kasmarik , Hussein A. Abbass

Combining symbolic human knowledge with neural networks provides a rule-based ante-hoc explanation of the output. In this paper, we propose feature extracting functions for integrating human knowledge abstracted as logic rules into the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-04-13 Shashank Gupta , Antonio Robles-Kelly , Mohamed Reda Bouadjenek

We present a new methodology for utilising machine learning technology in symbolic computation research. We explain how a well known human-designed heuristic to make the choice of variable ordering in cylindrical algebraic decomposition may…

Symbolic Computation · Computer Science 2024-04-29 Dorian Florescu , Matthew England

Decision trees are ubiquitous in machine learning for their ease of use and interpretability. Yet, these models are not typically employed in reinforcement learning as they cannot be updated online via stochastic gradient descent. We…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-29 Andrew Silva , Taylor Killian , Ivan Dario Jimenez Rodriguez , Sung-Hyun Son , Matthew Gombolay

With dramatic improvements in optimization software, the solution of large-scale problems that seemed intractable decades ago are now a routine task. This puts even more real-world applications into the reach of optimizers. At the same…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-03-07 Marc Goerigk , Michael Hartisch

Explainable artificial intelligence has rapidly emerged since lawmakers have started requiring interpretable models for safety-critical domains. Concept-based neural networks have arisen as explainable-by-design methods as they leverage…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-09-28 Pietro Barbiero , Gabriele Ciravegna , Francesco Giannini , Pietro Lió , Marco Gori , Stefano Melacci

Classification, which involves finding rules that partition a given data set into disjoint groups, is one class of data mining problems. Approaches proposed so far for mining classification rules for large databases are mainly decision tree…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-01-09 Hongjun Lu , Rudy Setiono , Huan Liu

While deep learning approaches to information extraction have had many successes, they can be difficult to augment or maintain as needs shift. Rule-based methods, on the other hand, can be more easily modified. However, crafting rules…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-02-02 Robert Vacareanu , Marco A. Valenzuela-Escarcega , George C. G. Barbosa , Rebecca Sharp , Mihai Surdeanu

Deep learning models are increasingly deployed in safety-critical tasks where predictions must satisfy hard constraints, such as physical laws, fairness requirements, or safety limits. However, standard architectures lack built-in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-26 Gonzalo E. Constante-Flores , Hao Chen , Can Li

State-of-the-art results in typical classification tasks are mostly achieved by unexplainable machine learning methods, like deep neural networks, for instance. Contrarily, in this paper, we investigate the application of rule learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-11 Albert Nössig , Tobias Hell , Georg Moser

Inductive Logic Programming (ILP) aims to learn interpretable first-order rules from data, but existing symbolic and neuro-symbolic approaches struggle to scale to noisy and probabilistic settings. Classical ILP relies on discrete…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-07 Iman Sharifi , Peng Wei , Saber Fallah

Introduction: Machine learning provides fundamental tools both for scientific research and for the development of technologies with significant impact on society. It provides methods that facilitate the discovery of regularities in data and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-03-12 Andrea Ceni , Peter Ashwin , Lorenzo Livi

This work addresses the situation where a black-box model with good predictive performance is chosen over its interpretable competitors, and we show interpretability is still achievable in this case. Our solution is to find an interpretable…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-05-13 Tong Wang

As recommender systems become increasingly complex, transparency is essential to increase user trust, accountability, and regulatory compliance. Neuro-symbolic approaches that integrate symbolic reasoning with sub-symbolic learning offer a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-12 Stephan Bartl , Kevin Innerebner , Elisabeth Lex

Although deep learning models have proven effective at solving problems in natural language processing, the mechanism by which they come to their conclusions is often unclear. As a result, these models are generally treated as black boxes,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-02-28 W. James Murdoch , Arthur Szlam

Huge datasets in cyber security, such as network traffic logs, can be analyzed using machine learning and data mining methods. However, the amount of collected data is increasing, which makes analysis more difficult. Many machine learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2014-10-30 Antti Juvonen , Tuomo Sipola

While neural networks are good at learning unspecified functions from training samples, they cannot be directly implemented in hardware and are often not interpretable or formally verifiable. On the other hand, logic circuits are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-09 Tobias Brudermueller , Dennis L. Shung , Adrian J. Stanley , Johannes Stegmaier , Smita Krishnaswamy