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We discuss a formal system of mathematics. We use it to construct the natural numbers.

Logic · Mathematics 2020-04-10 Christoph Thiele

The world of mathematics is often considered abstract, with its symbols, concepts, and topics appearing unrelated to physical objects. However, it is important to recognize that the development of mathematics is fundamentally influenced by…

General Physics · Physics 2023-06-08 Biao Wu

We review the philosophical framework of mathematical conceptualism as an alternative to set-theoretic foundations and show how mainstream mathematics can be developed on this basis. The paper includes an explicit axiomatization of the…

History and Overview · Mathematics 2009-05-12 Nik Weaver

We acuminate the idea of a final theory of physics in order to analyze its logical implications and consequences. It is argued that the rationale of a final theory is the principle of sufficient reason. This implies that a final theory of…

General Physics · Physics 2017-02-07 C. Baumgarten

We present a unified theory for formal mathematical systems including recursive systems closely related to formal grammars, including the predicate calculus as well as a formal induction principle. We introduce recursive systems generating…

Logic · Mathematics 2021-12-21 Matthias Kunik

Explaining autonomous and intelligent systems is critical in order to improve trust in their decisions. Counterfactuals have emerged as one of the most compelling forms of explanation. They address ``why not'' questions by revealing how…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Leila Amgoud , Martin Cooper

A solution to the problem of unifying the General Relativistic and Quantum Theoretical formalisms is given which introduces a new non-axiomatic symbolic method and an algebraic generalization of the Calculus to non-finite symbolisms without…

General Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Gregory M. Smith

The received Hilbert-style axiomatic foundations of mathematics has been designed by Hilbert and his followers as a tool for meta-theoretical research. Foundations of mathematics of this type fail to satisfactory perform more basic and more…

History and Overview · Mathematics 2023-01-20 Andrei Rodin

An informal discussion of how the construction problem in algebraic geometry motivates the search for formal proof methods. Also includes a brief discussion of my own progress up to now, which concerns the formalization of category theory…

Algebraic Geometry · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Carlos T. Simpson

We lay the groundwork for a formal framework that studies scientific theories and can serve as a unified foundation for the different theories within physics. We define a scientific theory as a set of verifiable statements, assertions that…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-02-20 Gabriele Carcassi , Christine A. Aidala

The learning of mathematics starts early but remains far from any theoretical considerations: pupils' mathematical knowledge is first rooted in pragmatic evidence or conforms to procedures taught. However, learners develop a knowledge which…

History and Overview · Mathematics 2014-03-28 Nicolas Balacheff

Autoformalization has emerged as a term referring to the automation of formalization - specifically, the formalization of mathematics using interactive theorem provers (proof assistants). Its rapid development has been driven by progress in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Agnieszka Mensfelt , David Tena Cucala , Santiago Franco , Angeliki Koutsoukou-Argyraki , Vince Trencsenyi , Kostas Stathis

Topological models of empirical and formal inquiry are increasingly prevalent. They have emerged in such diverse fields as domain theory [1, 16], formal learning theory [18], epistemology and philosophy of science [10, 15, 8, 9, 2],…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-08-01 Konstantin Genin , Kevin T. Kelly

The question in the title is ambiguous. At least the understanding of words essentially different and function theory should be clarified. We discuss approaches to do that. We also present a new framework for analytic function theories…

Complex Variables · Mathematics 2024-10-01 Vladimir V. Kisil

We re-examine the old question to what extent mathematics may be compared with a game. Mainly inspired by Hilbert and Wittgenstein, our answer is that mathematics is something like a rhododendron of language games, where the rules are…

History and Overview · Mathematics 2025-08-08 Klaas Landsman , Kirti Singh

The topic of diversity is an interesting subject, both as a purely mathematical concept and also for its applications to important real-life situations. Unfortunately, although the meaning of diversity seems intuitively clear, no precise…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2014-06-13 Chris Dowden

We present a new fragment of axiomatic set theory for pure sets and for the iteration of power sets within given transitive sets. It turns out that this formal system admits an interesting hierarchy of models with true membership relation…

Logic · Mathematics 2026-02-27 Matthias Kunik

There is a lack of formalism for some key foundational concepts in systems engineering. One of the most recently acknowledged deficits is the inadequacy of systems engineering practices for engineering intelligent systems. In our previous…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-09-21 Niloofar Shadab , Tyler Cody , Alejandro Salado , Peter Beling

Although the notion of a concept as a collection of objects sharing certain properties, and the notion of a conceptual hierarchy are fundamental to both Formal Concept Analysis and Description Logics, the ways concepts are described and…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2011-07-15 Baris Sertkaya

I analyse differences in style between traditional prose mathematics writing and computer-formalised mathematics writing, presenting five case studies. I note two aspects where good style seems to differ between the two: in their…

History and Overview · Mathematics 2024-05-09 Heather Macbeth