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We estimate the effects of viscosity on the phase space distribution appearing in the Cooper-Frye formula within the framework of the Grad's fourteen moment method and find that there are non-trivialities in the discussion of a…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2009-11-18 Akihiko Monnai , Tetsufumi Hirano

In the present work, we develop a causal theory of relativistic non-ideal fluids up to the second order in the Eckart frame using gradient expansion scheme. Keeping the spirit of Mueller-Israel-Stewart formalism, the general forms of bulk…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2020-02-06 Sayantani Lahiri

Viscous hydrodynamics is commonly used to model the evolution of the matter created in an ultra-relativistic heavy-ion collision. It provides a good description of transverse momentum spectra and anisotropic flow. These observables,…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2015-07-13 Salvatore Plumari , Giovanni Luca Guardo , Vincenzo Greco , Jean-Yves Ollitrault

Exact values for bulk and shear viscosity are important to characterize a fluid and they are a necessary input for a continuum description. Here we present two novel methods to compute bulk viscosities by non-equilibrium molecular dynamics…

Soft Condensed Matter · Physics 2016-06-22 Gerhard Jung , Friederike Schmid

Hydrodynamic model simulations of Au-Au collisions at RHIC have indicated recently, that with improved simulations in the coming years, it may be feasible to quantify the viscosity of the matter produced in heavy ion collisions. To this…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2008-11-26 Rudolf Baier , Paul Romatschke , Urs Achim Wiedemann

We investigate the temperature dependence of the shear viscosity ($\eta$) and bulk viscosity ($\zeta$) of the gluon plasma using lattice QCD over the range 0.76--2.25$\,T_c$, extending from below the transition temperature $T_c$ across the…

High Energy Physics - Lattice · Physics 2026-04-08 Heng-Tong Ding , Hai-Tao Shu , Cheng Zhang

We present a complete formulation of second-order (2+1)-dimensional anisotropic hydrodynamics. The resulting framework generalizes leading-order anisotropic hydrodynamics by allowing for deviations of the one-particle distribution function…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2014-11-26 Dennis Bazow , Ulrich W. Heinz , Michael Strickland

We study the equilibrium and near-equilibrium properties of a holographic five-dimensional model consisting of Einstein gravity coupled to a scalar field with a non-trivial potential. The dual four-dimensional gauge theory is not conformal…

Starting with the relativistic Boltzmann equation where the collision term is generalized to include nonlocal effects via gradients of the phase-space distribution function, and using Grad's 14-moment approximation for the distribution…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2013-05-23 Amaresh Jaiswal , Rajeev S. Bhalerao , Subrata Pal

In 2nd order causal dissipative theory, space-time evolution of QGP fluid is studied in 2+1 dimensions. Relaxation equations for shear stress tensors are solved simultaneously with the energy-momentum conservation equations. Comparison of…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2007-08-01 A. K. Chaudhuri

The dynamical system behaviour and thermal evolution of a homogeneous and isotropic dissipative universe are analyzed. The dissipation is driven by the bulk viscosity $\xi = \alpha \rho^s $ and the evolution of bulk viscous pressure is…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2020-03-11 Jerin Mohan N D , Krishna P B , Athira Sasidharan , Titus K Mathew

We report on recent results from VISH2+1, a code that solves the relativistic Israel-Stewart equations for causal viscous hydrodynamics for heavy-ion collisions with longitudinal boost invariance. We find that even ``minimal'' shear…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2008-11-26 Ulrich W Heinz , Huichao Song

The first-order general relativistic theory of a generic dissipative (heat-conducting, viscous, particle-creating) fluid is rediscussed from a unified covariant frame-independent point of view. By generalizing some previous works in the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2008-11-26 R. Silva , J. A. S. Lima , M. O. Calvão

The one-dimensional non-boost-invariant evolution of the quark-gluon plasma, presumably produced during the early stages of heavy-ion collisions, is analyzed within the frameworks of viscous and anisotropic hydrodynamics. We neglect…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2016-12-21 Wojciech Florkowski , Radoslaw Ryblewski , Michael Strickland , Leonardo Tinti

Bulk viscosity, which characterizes the irreversible dissipative resistance of a fluid to volume changes, has been proposed as a potential mechanism for explaining both early- and late-time accelerated expansion of the Universe. In this…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2025-12-18 P. P. Avelino , A. R. Gomes , D. A. Tamayo

Using the (2+1)-dimensional viscous hydrodynamic code VISH2+1, we present systematic studies of the dependence of pion and proton transverse momentum spectra and their elliptic flow in 200 A GeV Au+Au collisions on the parameters of the…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2010-12-02 Chun Shen , Ulrich W. Heinz , Pasi Huovinen , Huichao Song

A temperature dependent bulk viscosity coefficient is used in 3+1D hydrodynamic simulations. I study the effect of the increase of bulk viscosity around the critical temperature on the system dynamics in central Pb+Pb collisions at…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2017-05-24 Piotr Bozek

We introduce a novel deep convolutional neural network (NN) -enhanced Bayesian global analysis of bulk observables in highest-energy heavy-ion collisions, using relativistic 2+1 D second-order viscous hydrodynamics with a dynamical…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2026-03-30 Jussi Auvinen , Kari J. Eskola , Henry Hirvonen , Harri Niemi

We study the shear and bulk viscosities of partonic and hadronic matter as functions of temperature T within the parton-hadron-string dynamics (PHSD) off-shell transport approach. Dynamical hadronic and partonic systems in equilibrium are…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2015-06-12 V. Ozvenchuk , O. Linnyk , M. I. Gorenstein , E. L. Bratkovskaya , W. Cassing

The second order Israel-Stewart-M$\ddot{u}$ller relativistic hydrodynamics has been applied to study the effects of causality on the acoustic oscillation in relativistic fluid. Causal dispersion relations have been derived with…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2018-05-23 Mahfuzur Rahaman , Jan-e Alam