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Complex networks describe a wide range of systems in nature and society. Frequently cited examples include Internet, WWW, a network of chemicals linked by chemical reactions, social relationship networks, citation networks, etc. The…
Natural resource use and waste production, disposal, and reuse in human economies are treated in their economic, technological and thermodynamic aspects. The physical nature of economic production, consumption, saving, and waste is compared…
A simple electrical network model, having logical gate capacities, is proposed here for computations in plant cells. It is compared and contrasted with the animal brain network structure and functions.
Telecommunication networks have become as critical to the 21st century development as were railways, roads and canals, to the 19th Century developments and is now seen as enabler to a more sustained business, environment and society as a…
Network analysis has revealed whole-network properties hypothesized to be general characteristics of ecosystems including pathway proliferation, and network non-locality, homogenization, amplification, mutualism, and synergism. Collectively…
Ecosystems are formed by networks of species and their interactions. Traditional models of such interactions assume a constant interaction strength between a given pair of species. However, there is often significant trait variation among…
In considering a social network, there are cases where people is transferred to another place. Then the physical (direct) relations among nodes are lost by the movement. In terms of a network theory, some nodes break the present connections…
This chapter defines and presents different kinds of software ecosystems. The focus is on the development, tooling and analytics aspects of software ecosystems, i.e., communities of software developers and the interconnected software…
Algorithms to find communities in networks rely just on structural information and search for cohesive subsets of nodes. On the other hand, most scholars implicitly or explicitly assume that structural communities represent groups of nodes…
Ecology studies biodiversity in its variety and complexity. It describes how species distribute and perform in response to environmental changes. Ecological processes and structures are highly complex and adaptive. In order to quantify…
When presented with information of any type, from music to language to mathematics, the human mind subconsciously arranges it into a network. A network puts pieces of information like musical notes, syllables or mathematical concepts into…
In this short essay, we discuss some basic features of cognitive activity at several different space-time scales: from neural networks in the brain to civilizations. One motivation for such comparative study is its heuristic value. Attempts…
Bipartite graphs have received some attention in the study of social networks and of biological mutualistic systems. A generalization of a previous model is presented, that evolves the topology of the graph in order to optimally account for…
Cycles, which can be found in many different kinds of networks, make the problems more intractable, especially when dealing with dynamical processes on networks. On the contrary, tree networks in which no cycle exists, are simplifications…
If each node of an idealized network has an equal capacity to efficiently exchange benefits, then the network's capacity to use energy is scaled by the average amount of energy required to connect any two of its nodes. The scaling factor…
In-depth studies of sociotechnical systems are largely limited to single instances. Network surveys are expensive, and platforms vary in important ways, from interface design, to social norms, to historical contingencies. With single…
The dynamic character of most social networks requires to model evolution of networks in order to enable complex analysis of theirs dynamics. The following paper focuses on the definition of differences between network snapshots by means of…
Financial networks help firms manage risk but also enable financial shocks to spread. Despite their importance, existing models of financial networks have several limitations. Prior works often consider a static network with a simple…
Many complex networks are only a part of larger systems, where a number of coexisting topologies interact and depend on each other. We introduce a layered model to facilitate the description and analysis of such systems. As an example of…
Network visualization is essential for many scientific, societal, technological and artistic domains. The primary goal is to highlight patterns out of nodes interconnected by edges that are easy to understand, facilitate communication and…