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Structured reasoning over natural language inputs remains a core challenge in artificial intelligence, as it requires bridging the gap between unstructured linguistic expressions and formal logical representations. In this paper, we propose…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-14 Keying Yang , Hao Wang , Kai Yang

Transformers are effective and efficient at modeling complex relationships and learning patterns from structured data in many applications. The main aim of this paper is to propose and design NLAFormer, which is a transformer-based…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2025-08-28 Zhantao Ma , Yihang Gao , Michael K. Ng

Relating formal grammars is a hard problem that balances between language equivalence (which is known to be undecidable) and grammar identity (which is trivial). In this paper, we investigate several milestones between those two extremes…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2015-03-31 Vadim Zaytsev

Autoformalization is the task of automatically translating mathematical content written in natural language to a formal language expression. The growing language interpretation capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs), including in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-16 Lan Zhang , Xin Quan , Andre Freitas

These are lecture notes on the algebraic approach to regular languages. The classical algebraic approach is for finite words; it uses semigroups instead of automata. However, the algebraic approach can be extended to structures beyond…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2020-08-27 Mikołaj Bojańczyk

Mathematical formulae represent complex semantic information in a concise form. Especially in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics, mathematical formulae are crucial to communicate information, e.g., in scientific papers, and…

Digital Libraries · Computer Science 2018-04-16 Moritz Schubotz , Andre Greiner-Petter , Philipp Scharpf , Norman Meuschke , Howard Cohl , Bela Gipp

We present an approach to Machine Translation that combines the ideas and methodologies of the Example-Based and Lexicalist theoretical frameworks. The approach has been implemented in a multilingual Machine Translation system.

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Davide Turcato , Paul McFetridge , Fred Popowich , Janine Toole

Can a machine understand the meanings of natural language? Recent developments in the generative large language models (LLMs) of artificial intelligence have led to the belief that traditional philosophical assumptions about machine…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-27 Vladimír Havlík

Kuroda's translation embeds classical first-order logic into intuitionistic logic, through the insertion of double negations. Recently, Brown and Rizkallah extended this translation to higher-order logic. In this paper, we adapt it for…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2024-07-10 Thomas Traversié

In this note we provide an algorithm for translating relational structures into "proper" relational structures, i.e., those such that there is no pair of worlds w and u such that w is accessible from u for every agent. In particular, our…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Adam Bjorndahl , Philip Sink

Transformers have recently been shown to be capable of reliably performing logical reasoning over facts and rules expressed in natural language, but abductive reasoning - inference to the best explanation of an unexpected observation - has…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-24 Nathan Young , Qiming Bao , Joshua Bensemann , Michael Witbrock

Natural language processing applications, such as conversational agents and their question-answering capabilities, are widely used in the real world. Despite the wide popularity of large language models (LLMs), few real-world conversational…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-26 Xiang Ji , Yesim Sungu-Eryilmaz , Elaheh Momeni , Reza Rawassizadeh

Large Language Models (LLMs) have experienced great advancements in the last year resulting in an increase of these models in several fields to face natural language tasks. The integration of these models in robotics can also help to…

Large language models (LLMs) are trained and tested extensively on symbolic representations such as code and graphs, yet real-world user tasks are often specified in natural language. To what extent can LLMs generalize across these…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Fangru Lin , Valentin Hofmann , Xingchen Wan , Weixing Wang , Zifeng Ding , Anthony G. Cohn , Janet B. Pierrehumbert

Placeholder translation systems enable the users to specify how a specific phrase is translated in the output sentence. The system is trained to output special placeholder tokens, and the user-specified term is injected into the output…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-23 Ryokan Ri , Toshiaki Nakazawa , Yoshimasa Tsuruoka

Recent work on learning multilingual word representations usually relies on the use of word-level alignements (e.g. infered with the help of GIZA++) between translated sentences, in order to align the word embeddings in different languages.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2014-01-09 Stanislas Lauly , Alex Boulanger , Hugo Larochelle

Solving the challenges of automatic machine translation of Building Automation System text metadata is a crucial first step in efficiently deploying smart building applications. The vocabulary used to describe building metadata appears…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-12-06 David Waterworth , Subbu Sethuvenkatraman , Quan Z. Sheng

Slang is a common type of informal language, but its flexible nature and paucity of data resources present challenges for existing natural language systems. We take an initial step toward machine generation of slang by developing a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-05-25 Zhewei Sun , Richard Zemel , Yang Xu

Language model intelligence is revolutionizing the way we program materials simulations. However, the diversity of simulation scenarios renders it challenging to precisely transform human language into a tailored simulator. Here, using…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-02-27 Han Liu , Liantang Li

Multilingual natural language processing is getting increased attention, with numerous models, benchmarks, and methods being released for many languages. English is often used in multilingual evaluation to prompt language models (LMs),…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-12 Wessel Poelman , Miryam de Lhoneux