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Let us consider an infinite word and $k\geq 1$ an integer. By steps of $k$, we substitute a letter ofthis infinite word by the power of an external letter. The new word obtaining by this process is called $k$ to $k$ substitution of a power…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-05-31 Moussa Barro , K. Ernest Bognini , Boucaré Kientéga

An occurrence of a classical pattern p in a permutation \pi is a subsequence of \pi whose letters are in the same relative order (of size) as those in p. In an occurrence of a generalized pattern, some letters of that subsequence may be…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2008-05-31 Einar Steingrimsson

Superpermutations are words over a finite alphabet containing every permutation as a factor. Finding the minimal length of a superpermutation is still an open problem. In this article, we introduce superpermutations matrices. We establish a…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2019-08-14 Guillaume Dumas

We investigate the state complexity of the permutation operation, or the commutative closure, on Alphabetical Pattern Constraints (APC). This class corresponds to level $3/2$ of the Straubing-Th{\'e}rien Hierarchy and includes the finite,…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2021-08-17 Stefan Hoffmann

Permutations can be viewed as pairs of linear orders, or more formally as models over a signature consisting of two binary relation symbols. This approach was adopted by Albert, Bouvel and F\'eray, who studied the expressibility of…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-11-05 Vít Jelínek , Michal Opler

There is a deep connection between permutations and trees. Certain sub-structures of permutations, called sub-permutations, bijectively map to sub-trees of binary increasing trees. This opens a powerful tool set to study enumerative and…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2014-07-02 Filippo Disanto , Thomas Wiehe

We consider finite trees with edges labeled by letters on a finite alphabet $\varSigma$. Each pair of nodes defines a unique labeled path whose trace is a word of the free monoid $\varSigma^*$. The set of all such words defines the language…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2015-05-12 Srečko Brlek , Nadia Lafrenière , Xavier Provençal

We say a finite word $x$ is a palindromic periodicity if there exist two palindromes $p$ and $s$ such that $|x| \geq |ps|$ and $x$ is a prefix of the word $(ps)^\omega = pspsps\cdots$. In this paper we examine the palindromic periodicities…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-08-13 Gabriele Fici , Jeffrey Shallit , Jamie Simpson

In this paper we study the maximal pattern complexity of infinite words up to Abelian equivalence. We compute a lower bound for the Abelian maximal pattern complexity of infinite words which are both recurrent and aperiodic by projection.…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2019-02-20 Teturo Kamae , Steven Widmer , Luca Q. Zamboni

In this article we undertake a study of extension complexity from the perspective of formal languages. We define a natural way to associate a family of polytopes with binary languages. This allows us to define the notion of extension…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2019-08-29 Hans Raj Tiwary

In the last years, different types of patterns in permutations have been studied: vincular, bivincular and mesh patterns, just to name a few. Every type of permutation pattern naturally defines a corresponding computational problem: Given a…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2015-06-23 Marie-Louise Bruner , Martin Lackner

We consider a measure of similarity for infinite words that generalizes the notion of asymptotic or natural density of subsets of natural numbers from number theory. We show that every overlap-free infinite binary word, other than the…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2014-05-23 Chen Fei Du , Jeffrey Shallit

Two words are $k$-binomially equivalent if each subword of length at most $k$ occurs the same number of times in both words. The $k$-binomial complexity of an infinite word is a counting function that maps $n$ to the number of $k$-binomial…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2022-12-07 Michel Rigo , Manon Stipulanti , Markus A. Whiteland

The Thue-Morse set is the set of those nonnegative integers whose binary expansions have an even number of $1$. We obtain an exact formula for the state complexity of the multiplication by a constant of the Thue-Morse set $\mathcal{T}$ with…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2019-03-15 Émilie Charlier , Célia Cisternino , Adeline Massuir

(1) There is a finitely presented group with a word problem which is a uniformly effectively inseparable equivalence relation. (2) There is a finitely generated group of computable permutations with a word problem which is a universal…

Logic · Mathematics 2016-09-13 André Nies , Andrea Sorbi

Defant and Kravitz introduced generalizations of West's stack-sorting map $s$ from permutations to finite words. This raises questions as to how such generalizations could be applied in the field of combinatorics on words. The…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-04-29 John M. Campbell , Narad Rampersad

We introduce and study a complexity function on words $c_x(n),$ called \emph{cyclic complexity}, which counts the number of conjugacy classes of factors of length $n$ of an infinite word $x.$ We extend the well-known Morse-Hedlund theorem…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2016-06-29 Julien Cassaigne , Gabriele Fici , Marinella Sciortino , Luca Q. Zamboni

We consider a type of long-range percolation problem on the positive integers, motivated by earlier work of others on the appearance of (in)finite words within a site percolation model. The main issue is whether a given infinite binary word…

Probability · Mathematics 2008-07-11 Geoffrey R. Grimmett , Thomas M. Liggett , Thomas Richthammer

An injective word over a finite alphabet $V$ is a sequence $w=v_1v_2\cdots v_t$ of distinct elements of $V$. The set $\mathrm{inj}(V)$ of injective words on $V$ is partially ordered by inclusion. A complex of injective words is the order…

Algebraic Topology · Mathematics 2019-08-12 Wojtek Chacholski , Ran Levi , Roy Meshulam

We consider Parikh images of languages accepted by non-deterministic finite automata and context-free grammars; in other words, we treat the languages in a commutative way --- we do not care about the order of letters in the accepted word,…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2010-03-23 Eryk Kopczyński