Related papers: A New General-Purpose Method to Multiply 3x3 Matri…
Laderman discovered a scheme for computing the product of two 3x3 matrices using only 23 multiplications in 1976. Since then, some more such schemes were proposed, but it remains open how many there are and whether there exist schemes with…
In 1969 Strassen showed surprisingly that it is possible to multiply two 2 x 2 matrices using seven multiplications and 18 additions, instead of the naive eight multiplications and four additions. The number of additions was later reduced…
It is known since the 1970s that no more than 23 multiplications are required for computing the product of two 3 x 3-matrices. It is not known whether this can also be done with fewer multiplications. However, there are several mutually…
This paper presents a new state-of-the-art algorithm for exact $3\times3$ matrix multiplication over general non-commutative rings, achieving a rank-23 scheme with only 58 scalar additions. This improves the previous best additive…
It is known that the multiplication of an $N \times M$ matrix with an $M \times P$ matrix can be performed using fewer multiplications than what the naive $NMP$ approach suggests. The most famous instance of this is Strassen's algorithm for…
In 1969, V. Strassen improves the classical~2x2 matrix multiplication algorithm. The current upper bound for 3x3 matrix multiplication was reached by J.B. Laderman in 1976. This note presents a geometric relationship between Strassen and…
We show that the product of an nx3 matrix and a 3x3 matrix over a commutative ring can be computed using 6n+3 multiplications. For two 3x3 matrices this gives us an algorithm using 21 multiplications. This is an improvement with respect to…
We present a rank-$23$ algorithm for general $3\times3$ matrix multiplication that uses $56$ additions/subtractions and $23$ multiplications, for a total of $79$ scalar operations in the standard bilinear straight-line model. This improves…
Matrix multiplication (hereafter we use the acronym MM) is among the most fundamental operations of modern computations. The efficiency of its performance depends on various factors, in particular vectorization, data movement and arithmetic…
We reduce the additive cost of general (non-commutative) 3x3 matrix multiplication from the previous records of 61 (Schwartz-Vaknin, 2023) and 62 (Martensson-Wagner, 2025) to 60 without a change of basis. To our knowledge, this represents a…
We analyze rank decompositions of the $3\times 3$ matrix multiplication tensor over $\mathbb{Z}/2\mathbb{Z}$. We restrict our attention to decompositions of rank $\le 21$, as only those decompositions will yield an asymptotically faster…
Obeying constraints imposed by classical physics, we give optimal fine-grained algorithms for matrix multiplication and problems involving graphs and mazes, where all calculations are done in 3-dimensional space. We assume that whatever the…
The complexity of matrix multiplication (hereafter MM) has been intensively studied since 1969, when Strassen surprisingly decreased the exponent 3 in the cubic cost of the straightforward classical MM to log 2 (7) $\approx$ 2.8074.…
We revisit the fundamental Boolean Matrix Multiplication (BMM) problem. With the invention of algebraic fast matrix multiplication over 50 years ago, it also became known that BMM can be solved in truly subcubic $O(n^\omega)$ time, where…
We consider the techniques behind the current best algorithms for matrix multiplication. Our results are threefold. (1) We provide a unifying framework, showing that all known matrix multiplication running times since 1986 can be achieved…
Cohn and Umans proposed a framework for developing fast matrix multiplication algorithms based on the embedding computation in certain groups algebras. In subsequent work with Kleinberg and Szegedy, they connected this to the search for…
This paper presents a method to analyze the powers of a given trilinear form (a special kind of algebraic constructions also called a tensor) and obtain upper bounds on the asymptotic complexity of matrix multiplication. Compared with…
Until a few years ago, the fastest known matrix multiplication algorithm, due to Coppersmith and Winograd (1990), ran in time $O(n^{2.3755})$. Recently, a surge of activity by Stothers, Vassilevska-Williams, and Le Gall has led to an…
We explore new approaches for finding matrix multiplication algorithms in the commutative setting by adapting the flip graph technique: a method previously shown to be effective for discovering fast algorithms in the non-commutative case.…
The quest for non-commutative matrix multiplication algorithms in small dimensions has seen a lot of recent improvements recently. In particular, the number of scalar multiplications required to multiply two $4\times4$ matrices was first…