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The involvement of uncertainty of varying degrees when the total of the membership degree exceeds one or less than one, then the newer mathematical paradigm shift, Fuzzy Theory proves appropriate. For the past two or more decades, Fuzzy…
This is an introduction to rings and fields, written for a quarter-long undergraduate course. It includes the basic properties of ideals, modules, algebras and polynomials, the constructions of ring extensions and finite fields, some…
In this book, the authors introduce the notion of Super linear algebra and super vector spaces using the definition of super matrices defined by Horst (1963). This book expects the readers to be well-versed in linear algebra. Many theorems…
This work connects two mathematical fields - computational complexity and interval linear algebra. It introduces the basic topics of interval linear algebra - regularity and singularity, full column rank, solving a linear system, deciding…
For the first time we represent every finite group in the form of a graph in this book. The authors choose to call these graphs as identity graph, since the main role in obtaining the graph is played by the identity element of the group.…
In this paper we present the set of intervals as a normed vector space. We define also a four-dimensional associative algebra whose product gives the product of intervals in any cases. This approach allows to give a notion of divisibility…
This paper is devoted to a new approach of the arithmetic of intervals. We present the set of intervals as a normed vector space. We define also a four-dimensional associative algebra whose product gives the product of intervals in any…
In this book, there are five chapters: Systems of Linear Equations, Vector Spaces, Homogeneous Systems, Characteristic Equation of Matrix, and Matrix Dot Product. It has also exercises at the end of each chapter above to let students…
In part I of this work we studied the spaces of real algebraic cycles on a complex projective space P(V), where V carries a real structure, and completely determined their homotopy type. We also extended some functors in K-theory to…
The new classes of super special codes are constructed in this book using the specially constructed super special vector spaces. These codes mainly use the super matrices. These codes can be realized as a special type of concatenated codes.…
This is a first graduate course in algebraic geometry. It aims to give the student a lift up into the subject at the research level, with lots of interesting topics taken from the classification of surfaces, and a human-oriented discussion…
The algebraic structure, linear algebra happens to be one of the subjects which yields itself to applications to several fields like coding or communication theory, Markov chains, representation of groups and graphs, Leontief economic…
This is an introduction to linear algebra and group theory. We first review the linear algebra basics, namely the determinant, the diagonalization procedure and more, and with the determinant being constructed as it should, as a signed…
Associating to each pre-order on the indices 1,...,n the corresponding structural matrix ring, or incidence algebra, embeds the lattice of n-element pre-orders into the lattice of n x n matrix rings. Rings within the order-convex hull of…
We employ techniques of machine-learning, exemplified by support vector machines and neural classifiers, to initiate the study of whether AI can "learn" algebraic structures. Using finite groups and finite rings as a concrete playground, we…
This book is a rigorous and conceptually oriented introduction to ring theory. The emphasis is on structural understanding rather than encyclopedic coverage: rings are studied through ideals, homomorphisms, quotients, and universal…
In this book for the first time the authors introduce the notion of real neutrosophic complex numbers. Further the new notion of finite complex modulo integers is defined. For every $C(Z_n)$ the complex modulo integer $i_F$ is such that…
The new concept of fuzzy interval matrices has been introduced in this book for the first time. The authors have not only introduced the notion of fuzzy interval matrices, interval neutrosophic matrices and fuzzy neutrosophic interval…
This is a survey article on real algebra and geometry, and in particular on its recent applications in optimization and convexity. We first introduce basic notions and results from the classical theory. We then explain how these relate to…
The author studies the Smarandache Fuzzy Algebra, which, like its predecessor Fuzzy Algebra, arose from the need to define structures that were more compatible with the real world where the grey areas mattered, not only black or white. This…