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Code LLMs still struggle with code execution reasoning, especially in smaller models. Existing methods rely on supervised fine-tuning (SFT) with teacher-generated explanations, primarily in two forms: (1) input-output (I/O) prediction…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Lingxiao Tang , He Ye , Zhaoyang Chu , Muyang Ye , Zhongxin Liu , Xiaoxue Ren , Lingfeng Bao

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable progress in code generation, but many existing benchmarks are approaching saturation and offer little guarantee on the trustworthiness of the generated programs. To improve…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Xun Deng , Sicheng Zhong , Barış Bayazıt , Andreas Veneris , Fan Long , Xujie Si

Recent verification tools aim to make formal verification more accessible to software engineers by automating most of the verification process. However, annotating conventional programs with the formal specification and verification…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-21 João Pascoal Faria , Emanuel Trigo , Vinicius Honorato , Rui Abreu

Formal methods (FM) are reliable but costly to apply, often requiring years of expert effort in industrial-scale projects such as seL4, especially for theorem proving. Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have made automated…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Jianyu Zhang , Fuyuan Zhang , Jiayi Lu , Jilin Hu , Xiaoyi Yin , Long Zhang , Feng Yang , Yongwang Zhao

Formal verification of complex algorithms is challenging. Verifying their implementations goes beyond the state of the art of current automatic verification tools and usually involves intricate mathematical theorems. Certifying algorithms…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2013-02-01 Eyad Alkassar , Sascha Böhme , Kurt Mehlhorn , Christine Rizkallah

Formal verification is increasingly recognized as a critical foundation for building reliable software systems. However, the need for specialized expertise to write precise specifications, navigate complex proof obligations, and learn…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Changjie Wang , Mariano Scazzariello , Anoud Alshnakat , Roberto Guanciale , Dejan Kostić , Marco Chiesa

We present StepFun-Prover Preview, a large language model designed for formal theorem proving through tool-integrated reasoning. Using a reinforcement learning pipeline that incorporates tool-based interactions, StepFun-Prover can achieve…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-14 Shijie Shang , Ruosi Wan , Yue Peng , Yutong Wu , Xiong-hui Chen , Jie Yan , Xiangyu Zhang

While hardware generators have drastically improved design productivity, they have introduced new challenges for the task of verification. To effectively cover the functionality of a sophisticated generator, verification engineers require…

In mechanism design, the gold standard solution concepts are dominant strategy incentive compatibility and Bayesian incentive compatibility. These solution concepts relieve the (possibly unsophisticated) bidders from the need to engage in…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2018-03-16 Gilles Barthe , Marco Gaboardi , Emilio Jesús Gallego Arias , Justin Hsu , Aaron Roth , Pierre-Yves Strub

Model-based verification allows to express behavioral correctness conditions like the validity of execution states, boundaries of variables or timing at a high level of abstraction and affirm that they are satisfied by a software system.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2017-03-21 Bugra M. Yildiz , Arend Rensink , Christoph Bockisch , Mehmet Aksit

The Belief-Desire-Intention (BDI) architecture is a popular framework for rational agents; most verification approaches are based on reasoning about implementations of BDI programming languages. We investigate an alternative approach based…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2021-05-07 Blair Archibald , Muffy Calder , Michele Sevegnani , Mengwei Xu

We present a novel and well automatable approach to formal verification of programs with underspecified semantics, i.e., a language semantics that leaves open the order of certain evaluations. First, we reduce this problem to…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2022-02-14 Eduard Kamburjan , Nathan Wasser

This work presents a model-based development methodology for verified software systems as well as a tool support for it: an applied AutoFocus tool chain and its basic principles emphasizing the verification of the system under development…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2012-07-11 Maria Spichkova , Florian Hölzl , David Trachtenherz

Verification is a critical process for ensuring the correctness of modern processors. The increasing complexity of processor designs and the emergence of new instruction set architectures (ISAs) like RISC-V have created demands for more…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Yang Zhong , Haoran Wu , Xueqi Li , Sa Wang , David Boland , Yungang Bao , Kan Shi

Array-intensive programs are often amenable to parallelization across many cores on a single machine as well as scaling across multiple machines and hence are well explored, especially in the domain of high-performance computing. These…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2019-05-23 Kunal Banerjee , Chandan Karfa

We address the problem of analyzing asynchronous event-driven programs, in which concurrent agents communicate via unbounded message queues. The safety verification problem for such programs is undecidable. We present in this paper a…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2019-05-27 Peizun Liu , Thomas Wahl , Akash LaL

As software systems increase in size and complexity dramatically, ensuring their correctness, security, and reliability becomes an increasingly formidable challenge. Despite significant advancements in verification techniques and tools,…

Automatic software verification tools help to find hard-to-detect faults in programs checked against specified requirements non-interactively. Besides, they can prove program correctness formally under certain assumptions. These…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-09-29 Ilja Zakharov , Evgeny Novikov , Ilya Shchepetkov

Automatic and efficient verification of multiplier designs, especially through a provably correct method, is a difficult problem. We show how to utilize a theorem prover, ACL2, to implement an efficient rewriting algorithm for multiplier…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2022-05-25 Mertcan Temel

Formally verifying properties of programs that manipulate arrays in loops is computationally challenging. In this paper, we focus on a useful class of such programs, and present a novel property-driven verification method that first infers…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2017-10-05 Supratik Chakraborty , Ashutosh Gupta , Divyesh Unadkat