Related papers: Shadow movies not arising from knots
Complex, dynamic networks underlie many systems, and understanding these networks is the concern of a great span of important scientific and engineering problems. Quantitative description is crucial for this understanding yet, due to a…
A shadow of a geometric object $A$ in a given direction $v$ is the orthogonal projection of $A$ on the hyperplane orthogonal to $v$. We show that any topological embedding of a circle into Euclidean $d$-space can have at most two shadows…
The combinatorial approach to knot theory treats knots as diagrams modulo Reidemeister moves. Many constructions of knot invariants (e.g., index polynomials, quandle colorings, etc.) use elements of diagrams such as arcs and crossings by…
In this paper a classification of Reidemeister moves, which is the most refined, is introduced. In particular, this classification distinguishes some $\Omega_3$-moves that only differ in how the three strands that are involved in the move…
Virtual knot theory, introduced by Kauffman, is a generalization of classical knot theory of interest because its finite-type invariant theory is potentially a topological interpretation of Etingof and Kazhdan's theory of quantization of…
A compact object illuminated by background radiation produces a dark silhouette. The edge of the silhouette or shadow (alternatively, the apparent boundary or the critical curve) is commonly determined by the presence of the photon sphere…
Twisted knot theory, introduced by M.O.Bourgoin, is a generalization of virtual knot theory. It is easily shown that any virtual knot can be deformed into a trivial knot by a finite sequence of generalized Reidemeister moves and two…
A shadowable point for a flow is a point where the shadowing lemma holds for pseudo-orbits passing through it. We prove that this concept satisfies the following properties: the set of shadowable points is invariant and a $G_{\delta}$ set.…
Two singular links are cobordant if one can be obtained from the other by singular link isotopy together with a combination of births or deaths of simple unknotted curves, and saddle point transformations. A movie description of a singular…
Shadowing is a quantum phenomenon leading to a non-additivity of electroweak cross sections on nucleons bound in a nucleus. It occurs due to destructive interference of amplitudes on different nucleons. Although the current experimental…
Virtual knots, defined by Kauffman, provide a natural generalization of classical knots. Most invariants of knots extend in a natural way to give invariants of virtual knots. In this paper we study the fundamental groups of virtual knots…
We present a sequence of diagrams of the unknot for which the minimum number of Reidemeister moves required to pass to the trivial diagram is quadratic with respect to the number of crossings. These bounds apply both in $S^2$ and in $\R^2$.
Shadow tomography is a scalable technique to characterise the quantum state of a quantum computer or quantum simulator. The protocol is based on the transformation of the outcomes of random measurements into the so-called classical shadows,…
In any CAT(k) space M, the "shadow" of a tangent vector Z at a point p is the set vectors that form an angle of \pi or more with Z. Taking logarithm maps at points approaching p along a fixed geodesic ray from p with tangent Z collapses the…
In oriented knot theory, verifying a quantity is an invariant involves checking its invariance under all oriented Reidemeister moves, a process that can be intricate and time-consuming. A generating set of oriented moves simplifies this by…
We propose some natural generalizations of Reidemeister moves that do not increase the number of crossings in the generated diagrams. Experimentations make us conjecture that this class of monotonic moves is complete for computing canonical…
The theory of welded and extended welded knots is a generalization of classical knot theory. Welded (resp. extended welded) knot diagrams include virtual crossings (resp. virtual crossings and wen marks) and are equivalent under an extended…
We first prove that, infinitely many pairs of trivial knot diagrams that are transformed into each other by applying Reidemeister moves I and III are NOT transformed into each other by a sequence of the Reidemeister moves I that increase…
In this paper, we introduce playing games on shadows of knots. We demonstrate two novel games, namely, To Knot or Not to Knot and Much Ado about Knotting. We also discuss winning strategies for these games on certain families of knot…
A chord diagram is a circle with paired points with each pair of points connected by a chord. Every generic immersed spherical curve provides a chord diagram by associating each chord with two preimages of a double point. Any two spherical…