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An important step in building a quantum computer is calibrating experimentally implemented quantum gates to produce operations that are close to ideal unitaries. The calibration step involves estimating the systematic errors in gates and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-10-22 Shelby Kimmel , Guang Hao Low , Theodore J. Yoder

We demonstrate complete characterization of a two-qubit entangling process - a linear optics controlled-NOT gate operating with coincident detection - by quantum process tomography. We use maximum-likelihood estimation to convert the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2008-11-26 J. L. O'Brien , G. J. Pryde , A. Gilchrist , D. F. V. James , N. K. Langford , T. C. Ralph , A. G. White

Quantum process tomography (QPT) plays a central role in characterizing quantum gates and circuits, diagnosing quantum devices, calibrating hardware, and supporting quantum error correction. However, conventional QPT methods face challenges…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-06 Huynh Le Dan Linh , Vu Tuan Hai , Le Bin Ho

A new method of quantum state tomography for quantum information processing is described. The method based on two-dimensional Fourier transform technique involves detection of all the off-diagonal elements of the density matrix in a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-07 Ranabir Das , T. S. Mahesh , Anil Kumar

As quantum information processors grow in quantum bit (qubit) count and functionality, the control and measurement system becomes a limiting factor to large scale extensibility. To tackle this challenge and keep pace with rapidly evolving…

We discuss and implement experimentally a method for characterizing quantum gates operating on superpositions of coherent states. The peculiarity of this encoding of qubits is to work with a non-orthogonal basis, and therefore some…

We introduce two methods for quantum process and detector tomography. In the quantum process tomography method, we develop an analytical procedure for projecting the linear inversion estimation of a quantum channel onto the set of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-01-10 Júlia Barberà-Rodríguez , Leonardo Zambrano , Antonio Acín , Donato Farina

Extracting information from quantum devices has long been a crucial problem in the field of quantum mechanics. By performing elaborate measurements, quantum state tomography, an important and fundamental tool in quantum science and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-06-24 Yu Wang , Keren Li

Quantum Process Tomography (QPT) methods aim at identifying, i.e. estimating, a quantum process. QPT is a major quantum information processing tool, since it especially allows one to experimentally characterize the actual behavior of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-27 Yannick Deville , Alain Deville

The results of quantum process tomography on a three-qubit nuclear magnetic resonance quantum information processor are presented, and shown to be consistent with a detailed model of the system-plus-apparatus used for the experiments. The…

We analyze a new scheme for quantum information processing, with superconducting charge qubits coupled through a cavity mode, in which quantum manipulations are insensitive to the state of the cavity. We illustrate how to physically…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-10 Shi-Liang Zhu , Z. D. Wang , Paolo Zanardi

Quantum bits, or qubits, are the fundamental building blocks of present quantum computers. Hence, it is important to be able to characterize the state of a qubit as accurately as possible. By evaluating the qubit characterization problem…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-02-27 Bacui Li , Lorcan O. Conlon , Ping Koy Lam , Syed M. Assad

Quantum state tomography is a technique in quantum information science used to reconstruct the density matrix of an unknown quantum state, providing complete information about the quantum state. It is of significant importance in fields…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-23 Wenlong Zhao , Da Zhang , Huili Zhang , Haifeng Yu , Zhang-qi Yin

Robust, accurate and efficient quantum tomography is key for future quantum technologies. Traditional methods are impractical for even medium sized systems and are not robust against noise and errors. Here we report on an experimental…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-07-27 Robert J. Chapman , Christopher Ferrie , Alberto Peruzzo

The characterization of a quantum device is a crucial step in the development of quantum experiments. This is accomplished via Quantum Process Tomography, which combines the outcomes of different projective measurements to deliver a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-26 Francesco Di Colandrea , Nazanin Dehghan , Alessio D'Errico , Ebrahim Karimi

In this paper we describe in detail and generalize a method for quantum process tomography that was presented in [A. Bendersky, F. Pastawski, J. P. Paz, Physical Review Letters 100, 190403 (2008)]. The method enables the efficient…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-05-13 Ariel Bendersky , Fernando Pastawski , Juan Pablo Paz

High-quality two-qubit gate operations are crucial for scalable quantum information processing. Often, the gate fidelity is compromised when the system becomes more integrated. Therefore, a low-error-rate, easy-to-scale two-qubit gate…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-12-24 Yuan Xu , Ji Chu , Jiahao Yuan , Jiawei Qiu , Yuxuan Zhou , Libo Zhang , Xinsheng Tan , Yang Yu , Song Liu , Jian Li , Fei Yan , Dapeng Yu

Using the the convex semidefinite programming method and superoperator formalism we obtain the finite quantum tomography of some mixed quantum states such as: qudit tomography, N-qubit tomography, phase tomography and coherent spin state…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-07-27 M. A. Jafarizadeh , M. Mirzaee , M. Rezaee

Quantum process tomography has become increasingly critical as the need grows for robust verification and validation of candidate quantum processors. Here, we present an approach for efficient quantum process tomography that uses a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-03-25 L. C. G. Govia , G. J. Ribeill , D. Ristè , M. Ware , H. Krovi

We study a quantum computing system using microwave photons in transmission line resonators on a superconducting chip as qubits. We show that all control necessary for quantum computing can be implemented by coupling to Josephson devices on…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-05-14 Lianghui Du , Yong Hu , Zheng-Wei Zhou , Guang-Can Guo , Xingxiang Zhou