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A variant of the well-known Assignment Problem is studied in this paper, where pairs of assignments are conflicting, and cannot be selected at the same time. This configures a set of hard constraints. The problem, which models real…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-06-06 Roberto Montemanni , Derek H. Smith

This paper reviews the recent literature on solving the Boolean satisfiability problem (SAT), an archetypal NP-complete problem, with the help of machine learning techniques. Despite the great success of modern SAT solvers to solve large…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-10-25 Wenxuan Guo , Junchi Yan , Hui-Ling Zhen , Xijun Li , Mingxuan Yuan , Yaohui Jin

Our work presents a novel reinforcement learning (RL) based framework to optimize heuristic selection within the conflict-driven clause learning (CDCL) process, improving the efficiency of Boolean satisfiability (SAT) solving. The proposed…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-05 Muyu Pan , Matthew Walter , Dheeraj Kodakandla , Mahfuza Farooque

We study the behavior of ASAT, a heuristic for solving satisfiability problems by stochastic local search near the SAT/UNSAT transition. The heuristic is focused, i.e. only variables in unsatisfied clauses are updated in each step, and is…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2013-05-29 John Ardelius , Erik Aurell

State-of-the-art SAT solvers are nowadays able to handle huge real-world instances. The key to this success is the so-called Conflict-Driven Clause-Learning (CDCL) scheme, which encompasses a number of techniques that exploit the conflicts…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-02-27 Robert Nieuwenhuis , Albert Oliveras , Enric Rodriguez-Carbonell

Boolean Satisfiability (SAT) is a well-known NP-complete problem. Despite this theoretical hardness, SAT solvers based on Conflict Driven Clause Learning (CDCL) can solve large SAT instances from many important domains. CDCL learns clauses…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-05-12 Md Solimul Chowdhury , Martin Müller , Jia You

The solution-space structure of the 3-Satisfiability Problem (3-SAT) is studied as a function of the control parameter alpha (ratio of number of clauses to the number of variables) using numerical simulations. For this purpose, one has to…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2015-05-18 Alexander Mann , A. K. Hartmann

While accelerated computing has transformed many domains of computing, its impact on logical reasoning, specifically Boolean satisfiability (SAT), remains limited. State-of-the-art SAT solvers rely heavily on inherently sequential…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-11-12 Steve Dai , Cunxi Yu , Kalyan Krishnamani , Brucek Khailany

It is well known that different solution strategies work well for different types of instances of hard combinatorial problems. As a consequence, most solvers for the propositional satisfiability problem (SAT) expose parameters that allow…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2016-08-03 Frank Hutter , Marius Lindauer , Adrian Balint , Sam Bayless , Holger Hoos , Kevin Leyton-Brown

A simple yet successful approach to parallel satisfiability (SAT) solving is to run several different (a portfolio of) SAT solvers on the input problem at the same time until one solver finds a solution. The SAT solvers in the portfolio can…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2015-08-04 Tomas Balyo , Peter Sanders , Carsten Sinz

Recent research in areas such as SAT solving and Integer Linear Programming has shown that the performances of a single arbitrarily efficient solver can be significantly outperformed by a portfolio of possibly slower on-average solvers. We…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2014-01-07 Roberto Amadini , Maurizio Gabbrielli , Jacopo Mauro

The Boolean Satisfiability problem (SAT) is important on artificial intelligence community and the impact of its solving on complex problems. Recently, great breakthroughs have been made respectively on stochastic local search (SLS)…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-08-05 Huimin Fu , Yang Xu , Jun Liu , Guanfeng Wu , Sutcliffe Geoff

The decision variable selection policy used by the most competitive CDCL (Conflict-Driven Clause Learning) SAT solvers is either VSIDS (Variable State Independent Decaying Sum) or its variants such as exponential version EVSIDS. The common…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2016-04-05 Jingchao Chen

MaxSAT is an optimization version of the famous NP-complete Satisfiability problem (SAT). Algorithms for MaxSAT mainly include complete solvers and local search incomplete solvers. In many complete solvers, once a better solution is found,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-01-22 Jiongzhi Zheng , Zhuo Chen , Chu-Min Li , Kun He

Modern conflict-driven clause learning (CDCL) SAT solvers are very good in solving conjunctive normal form (CNF) formulas. However, some application problems involve lots of parity (xor) constraints which are not necessarily efficiently…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2014-07-25 Tero Laitinen , Tommi Junttila , Ilkka Niemelä

Propositional satisfiability (SAT) solvers, which typically operate using conjunctive normal form (CNF), have been successfully applied in many domains. However, in some application areas such as circuit verification, bounded model…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2013-11-19 Tero Laitinen , Tommi Junttila , Ilkka Niemelä

We propose a new approach to SAT solving which solves SAT problems in vector spaces as a cost minimization problem of a non-negative differentiable cost function J^sat. In our approach, a solution, i.e., satisfying assignment, for a SAT…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-08-17 Taisuke Sato , Ryosuke Kojima

We propose Differentiable Satisfiability and Differentiable Answer Set Programming (Differentiable SAT/ASP) for multi-model optimization. Models (answer sets or satisfying truth assignments) are sampled using a novel SAT/ASP solving…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-01-01 Matthias Nickles

The practical success of Boolean Satisfiability (SAT) solvers stems from the CDCL (Conflict-Driven Clause Learning) approach to SAT solving. However, from a propositional proof complexity perspective, CDCL is no more powerful than the…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2017-07-06 Alexey Ignatiev , Antonio Morgado , Joao Marques-Silva

The Satisfiability (SAT) problem is a core challenge with significant applications in software engineering, including automated testing, configuration management, and program verification. This paper presents SolSearch, a novel framework…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-02-21 Junjie Sheng , Yanqiu Lin , Jiehao Wu , Yanhong Huang , Jianqi Shi , Min Zhang , Xiangfeng Wang