Related papers: Less is Different: Emergence and Reduction Reconci…
While explainability is a desirable characteristic of increasingly complex black-box models, modern explanation methods have been shown to be inconsistent and contradictory. The semantics of explanations is not always fully understood - to…
This paper introduces Reflective Empiricism, an extension of empirical science that incorporates subjective perception and consciousness processes as equally valid sources of knowledge. It views reality as an interplay of subjective…
The introduction of explicit notions of rejection, or disbelief, into logics for knowledge representation can be justified in a number of ways. Motivations range from the need for versions of negation weaker than classical negation, to the…
Macroevolutionary dynamics often display sudden, explosive surges, where systems remain relatively stable for extended periods before experiencing dramatic acceleration that frequently exceeds traditional exponential growth. This pattern is…
There is a possibility that spacetime itself is ultimately an emergent phenomenon, a near-universal "low-energy long-distance approximation", similar to the way in which fluid mechanics is the near-universal low-energy long-distance…
Explaining the origin of life requires us to explain how self-replication arises. To be specific, how can a self-replicating entity develop spontaneously from a chemical reaction system in which no reaction is self-replicating? Previously…
Two different approaches to dealing with probabilistic knowledge are examined -models and inductive inference. Examples of the first are: influence diagrams [1], Bayesian networks [2], log-linear models [3, 4]. Examples of the second are:…
This study deals with the problem of outliers in ordinal response model, which is a regression on ordered categorical data as the response variable. ``Outlier" means that the combination of ordered categorical data and its covariates is…
What defines an emergent quantum mechanics (EmQM)? Can new insight be advanced into the nature of quantum nonlocality by seeking new links between quantum and emergent phenomena as described by self-organization, complexity, or emergence…
The statistical properties of an ecosystem composed of species interacting via pairwise, random interactions and deterministic, concentration limiting self-interaction are studied analytically with tools of equilibrium statistical mechanics…
We propose a model of emergence of cooperation in evolutionary games that high- lights the role of network formation and effect of network structure. In line with empirical data, the model proposes a mechanism that explains the persistence…
Time can be defined as the duration between events. It is irreversible. When used as a variable in quantifying the changing properties of matter, this irreversibility of time is incompatible with Newton's deterministic mechanics and with…
It is still common wisdom amongst economists, politicians and lay people that economic growth is a necessity of our social systems, at least to avoid distributional conflicts. This paper challenges such belief moving from a purely physical…
We investigate extreme value theory for physical systems with a global conservation law which describe renewal processes, mass transport models and long-range interacting spin models. As shown previously, a special feature is that the…
In the literature, essence is formalized in two different ways, either de dicto, or de re. Following \cite{Marcos:2005}, we adopt its de dicto formalization: a formula is essential, if once it is true, it is necessarily true; otherwise, it…
We prove some new results on existence of solutions to first--order ordinary differential equations with deviating arguments. Delay differential equations are included in our general framework, which even allows deviations to depend on the…
In this paper, we obtain the law of emergence with Tsallis entropy from the thermodynamic laws. We first derive the law of emergence from the equilibrium description of the unified first law and Clausius relation. However, it has been shown…
Recent studies have uncovered intriguing phenomena in deep learning, such as grokking, double descent, and emergent abilities in large language models, which challenge human intuition and are crucial for a deeper understanding of neural…
Emergent effect is crucial to understanding the properties of complex systems that do not appear in their basic units, but there has been a lack of theories to measure and understand its mechanisms. In this paper, we consider emergence as a…
Both transduction and rejection have emerged as important techniques for defending against adversarial perturbations. A recent work by Goldwasser et al. showed that rejection combined with transduction can give provable guarantees (for…