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We provide a decision-theoretic framework for dealing with uncertainty in quantum mechanics. This uncertainty is two-fold: on the one hand there may be uncertainty about the state the quantum system is in, and on the other hand, as is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-01 Keano De Vos , Gert de Cooman , Alexander Erreygers , Jasper De Bock

This article surveys key conceptual and interpretational developments in quantum mechanics, tracing the theory from its foundational postulates to contemporary discussions of measurement, nonlocality, and the emergence of classicality.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-11 Theodore McKeever , Ahsan Nazir

We discuss the classical statistics of isolated subsystems. Only a small part of the information contained in the classical probability distribution for the subsystem and its environment is available for the description of the isolated…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-05-13 C. Wetterich

Quantum mechanics can emerge from classical statistics. A typical quantum system describes an isolated subsystem of a classical statistical ensemble with infinitely many classical states. The state of this subsystem can be characterized by…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-05-13 C. Wetterich

We formulate a Born rule for families of quantum systems parametrized by a noncommutative space of control parameters. The resulting formalism may be viewed as a generalization of quantum mechanics where overlaps take values in a…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2017-01-27 Gregory W. Moore

A different approach towards quantum theory is proposed in this paper. The basis is taken to be conceptual variables, physical variables that may be accessible or inaccessible, i.e., it may be possible or impossible to assign numerical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-05-19 Inge S. Helland

The Born's rule introduces intrinsic randomness to the outcomes of a measurement performed on a quantum mechanical system. But, if the system is prepared in the eigenstate of an observable then the measurement outcome of that observable is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-03-31 Trina Chakraborty , Manik Banik , Pinaki Patra

A non-commuting measurement transfers, via the apparatus, information encoded in a system's state to the external "observer". Classical measurements determine properties of physical objects. In the quantum realm, the very same notion…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-08-31 Bartłomiej Gardas , Sebastian Deffner , Avadh Saxena

A review is given of recent work aimed at constructing a quantum theory of cosmology in which all observables refer to information measurable by observers inside the universe. At the classical level the algebra of observables should be…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2009-10-31 Fotini Markopoulou

It has been recently suggested that probabilities of different events in the multiverse are given by the frequencies at which these events are encountered along the worldline of a geodesic observer (the "watcher"). Here I discuss an…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2015-06-18 Alexander Vilenkin

We present a description of the measurement process based on the parametric representation with environmental coherent states. This representation is specifically tailored for studying quantum systems whose environment needs being…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-09-30 Pietro Liuzzo-Scorpo , Alessandro Cuccoli , Paola Verrucchi

We provide an overview of a canonical formalism that describes mixed quantum-classical systems in terms of statistical ensembles on configuration space, and discuss applications to measurement theory. It is shown that the formalism allows a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-07-06 M Reginatto , M J W Hall

We propose an exercise in which one attempts to deduce the formalism of quantum mechanics solely from phenomenological observations. The only assumed inputs are obtained through sequential probing of quantum systems; no presuppositions…

Born's rule is the recipe for calculating probabilities from quantum mechanical amplitudes. There is no generally accepted derivation of Born's rule from first principles. In this paper, it is motivated from assumptions that link the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-11-05 Per Östborn

The notion of probability plays a crucial role in quantum mechanics. It appears in quantum mechanics as the Born rule. In modern mathematics which describes quantum mechanics, however, probability theory means nothing other than measure…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-04 Kohtaro Tadaki

Contrary to general relativity, quantum theory treats space and time in fundamentally different ways. In particular, while joint probabilities associated with spacelike separated measurements are defined in terms of the Born rule, joint…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-13 James Fullwood , Zhihao Ma , Zhen Wu

The relationship between classical and quantum theory is of central importance to the philosophy of physics, and any interpretation of quantum mechanics has to clarify it. Our discussion of this relationship is partly historical and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 N. P. Landsman

In the second part of our work on observables we have shown that quantum observables in the sense of von Neumann, i.e.bounded selfadjoint operators in some von Neumann subalgebra $R$ of $L(H)$, can be represented as bounded continuous…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Hans F. de Groote

We study the transition between quantum and classical behavior of particles in a gravitational quantum well. We analyze how an increase in the particles mass turns the energy spectrum into a continuous one, from an experimental point of…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2011-08-04 O. Bertolami , J. G. Rosa

In ordinary situations involving a small part of the universe, Born's rule seems to work well for calculating probabilities of observations in quantum theory. However, there are a number of reasons for believing that it is not adequate for…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2022-10-14 Don N. Page
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