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Noisy data, non-convex objectives, model misspecification, and numerical instability can all cause undesired behaviors in machine learning systems. As a result, detecting actual implementation errors can be extremely difficult. We…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2017-06-28 Daniel Selsam , Percy Liang , David L. Dill

Proof automation is crucial to large-scale formal mathematics and software/hardware verification projects in ITPs. Sophisticated tools called hammers have been developed to provide general-purpose proof automation in ITPs such as Coq and…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Yicheng Qian , Joshua Clune , Clark Barrett , Jeremy Avigad

Existing reasoning evaluation paradigms suffer from different limitations: fixed benchmarks are increasingly saturated and vulnerable to contamination, while preference-based evaluations rely on subjective judgments. We argue that a core…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Baoqing Yue , Zihan Zhu , Yutong Han , Brian Fan , Qian Sun , Jichen Feng , Hufei Yang , Yifan Zhang , Mengdi Wang

We introduce Prove-It, a Python-based general-purpose interactive theorem-proving assistant designed with the goal of making formal theorem proving as easy and natural as informal theorem proving (with moderate training). Prove-It uses a…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2020-12-29 Wayne M. Witzel , Warren D. Craft , Robert D. Carr , Joaquín E. Madrid Larrañaga

Interactive theorem provers have developed dramatically over the past four decades, from primitive beginnings to today's powerful systems. Here, we focus on Isabelle/HOL and its distinctive strengths. They include automatic proof search,…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2022-10-14 Lawrence C. Paulson , Tobias Nipkow , Makarius Wenzel

In-Context Reinforcement Learning (ICRL) enables Large Language Models (LLMs) to learn online from external rewards directly within the context window. However, a central challenge in ICRL is reward estimation, as models typically lack…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Wenxuan Jiang , Yuxin Zuo , Zijian Zhang , Xuecheng Wu , Zining Fan , Wenxuan Liu , Li Chen , Xiaoyu Li , Xuezhi Cao , Xiaolong Jin , Ninghao Liu

Large Language Models (LLMs) present an intriguing avenue for exploration in the field of formal theorem proving. Nevertheless, their full potential, particularly concerning the mitigation of hallucinations and refinement through prover…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-27 Chuanyang Zheng , Haiming Wang , Enze Xie , Zhengying Liu , Jiankai Sun , Huajian Xin , Jianhao Shen , Zhenguo Li , Yu Li

Verification of algorithms and data structures utilized in modern autonomous and semi-autonomous vehicles for land, sea, air, and space presents a significant challenge. Autonomy algorithms, e.g., route planning, pattern matching, and…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2018-10-11 David Hardin , Konrad Slind

LLMs excel at reasoning, but validating their steps remains challenging. Formal verification offers a solution through mechanically checkable proofs. Interactive theorem provers (ITPs) dominate mathematical reasoning but require detailed…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Mantas Baksys , Stefan Zetzsche , Olivier Bouissou , Sean B. Holden

Interactive feedback, where feedback flows in both directions between teacher and student, is more effective than traditional one-way feedback. However, it is often too time-consuming for widespread use in educational practice. While Large…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-09-12 Shengxin Hong , Chang Cai , Sixuan Du , Haiyue Feng , Siyuan Liu , Xiuyi Fan

This paper presents the verification of control systems implemented in Simulink. The goal is to ensure that high-level requirements on control performance, like stability, are satisfied by the Simulink diagram. A two stage process is…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2021-04-13 Dejanira Araiza-Illan , Kerstin Eder , Arthur Richards

Nowadays, formal theorem provers have made monumental progress on high-school and competition-level mathematics, but few of them generalize to more advanced mathematics. In this paper, we present REAL-Prover, a new open-source stepwise…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Ziju Shen , Naohao Huang , Fanyi Yang , Yutong Wang , Guoxiong Gao , Tianyi Xu , Jiedong Jiang , Wanyi He , Pu Yang , Mengzhou Sun , Haocheng Ju , Peihao Wu , Bryan Dai , Bin Dong

Using more test-time computation during language model inference, such as generating more intermediate thoughts or sampling multiple candidate answers, has proven effective in significantly improving model performance. This paper takes an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-20 Xingwu Chen , Miao Lu , Beining Wu , Difan Zou

In recent years, program verifiers and interactive theorem provers have become more powerful and more suitable for verifying large programs or proofs. This has demonstrated the need for improving the user experience of these tools to…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2014-04-29 K. Rustan M. Leino , Valentin Wüstholz

Understanding the behavior of large language models (LLMs) is crucial for ensuring their safe and reliable use. However, existing explainable AI (XAI) methods for LLMs primarily rely on word-level explanations, which are often…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-08 Furui Cheng , Vilém Zouhar , Robin Shing Moon Chan , Daniel Fürst , Hendrik Strobelt , Mennatallah El-Assady

This paper reports our initial experiments with using external ATP on some corpora built with the ACL2 system. This is intended to provide the first estimate about the usefulness of such external reasoning and AI systems for solving ACL2…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2014-06-09 Sebastiaan Joosten , Cezary Kaliszyk , Josef Urban

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive in-context learning (ICL) capabilities from few-shot demonstration exemplars. While recent learning-based demonstration selection methods have proven beneficial to ICL by choosing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-16 Hui Liu , Wenya Wang , Hao Sun , Chris Xing Tian , Chenqi Kong , Xin Dong , Haoliang Li

We propose a synthesis of the two proof styles of interactive theorem proving: the procedural style (where proofs are scripts of commands, like in Coq) and the declarative style (where proofs are texts in a controlled natural language, like…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2015-07-01 Freek Wiedijk

Proof assistants like Lean have revolutionized mathematical proof verification, ensuring high accuracy and reliability. Although large language models (LLMs) show promise in mathematical reasoning, their advancement in formal theorem…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-05-24 Huajian Xin , Daya Guo , Zhihong Shao , Zhizhou Ren , Qihao Zhu , Bo Liu , Chong Ruan , Wenda Li , Xiaodan Liang

Large language models (LLMs) have exhibited impressive capabilities across a myriad of tasks, yet they occasionally yield undesirable outputs. We posit that these limitations are rooted in the foundational autoregressive architecture of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-03 Cheng Yang , Chufan Shi , Siheng Li , Bo Shui , Yujiu Yang , Wai Lam