Related papers: A BK inequality for randomly drawn subsets of fixe…
Reichenbach defined a common cause which explains a correlation between two events if either one does not cause the other. Its intuitive idea is that the statistical ensemble can be divided into two disjoint parts so that the correlation…
Let $P$ be the set of all prime numbers, ${q_1},{q_2}, \cdots ,{q_m} \in P$, $P_k$ be the k-th $(k = 1,2, \cdots m)$ element of $P$ in ascending order of size, ${\alpha _1},{\alpha _2}, \cdots ,{\alpha _m}$ be positive integers, and ${\beta…
The achievement of this paper is a confutation of the inequality addressed by the Nicolas criterion for the Riemann Hypothesis, carried out after establishing properties of two related sequences. One of them is the product…
The notorious quantum measurement problem brings out the difficulty to reconcile two quantum postulates: the unitary evolution of closed quantum systems and the wave-function collapse after a measurement. This problematics is particularly…
It is well known that correlations produced by common causes in the past cannot violate Bell's inequalities. This was emphasized by Bell in his celebrated example of Bertlmann's socks. However, if common causes are induced by the very…
In a previous publication, we showed how group actions can be used to generate Bell inequalities. The group action yields a set of measurement probabilities whose sum is the basic element in the inequality. The sum has an upper bound if the…
One obtains Bell's inequalities if one posits a hypothetical joint probability distribution, or {\it measure}, whose marginals yield the probabilities produced by the spin measurements in question. The existence of a joint measure is in…
Bayesian statistics is based on the subjective definition of probability as {\it ``degree of belief''} and on Bayes' theorem, the basic tool for assigning probabilities to hypotheses combining {\it a priori} judgements and experimental…
We determine the probability $P$ of two independent events $A$ and $B$, which occur randomly $n_A$ and $n_B$ times during a total time $T$ and last for $t_A$ and $t_B$, to occur simultaneously at some point during $T$. Therefore we first…
The classical rearrangement inequality provides bounds for the sum of products of two sequences under permutations of terms and show that similarly ordered sequences provide the largest value whereas opposite ordered sequences provide the…
Random integers, sampled uniformly from $[1,x]$, share similarities with random permutations, sampled uniformly from $S_n$. These similarities include the Erd\H{o}s--Kac theorem on the distribution of the number of prime factors of a random…
We show that under certain assumptions one can derive a variant of Specker's non-contextual inequality for a system of three indistinguishable bosonic particles. The inequality states that the sum of probabilities of three pairwise…
Measurement is a fundamental notion in the usual approximate quantum mechanics of measured subsystems. Probabilities are predicted for the outcomes of measurements. State vectors evolve unitarily in between measurements and by reduction of…
Bell's inequalities are defined by sums of correlations involving non-commuting observables in each of the two systems. Violations of Bell's inequalities are only possible because the precision of any joint measurement of these observables…
The Brunn-Minkowski inequality states that for bounded measurable sets $A$ and $B$ in $\mathbb{R}^n$, we have $|A+B|^{1/n} \geq |A|^{1/n}+|B|^{1/n}$. Also, equality holds if and only if $A$ and $B$ are convex and homothetic sets in…
Bell's theorem is a fundamental result in quantum mechanics: it discriminates between quantum mechanics and all theories where probabilities in measurement results arise from the ignorance of pre-existing local properties. We give an…
There are many formulations of problems that have been proven to be equivalent to the Riemann Hypothesis in modern mathematics. In this paper we look at the formulation of an inequality derived by Robin in 1984 that proves the Riemann…
We reveal a contradiction in measure-theoretic probability. The contradiction is an "equation" $1/2 = 0$ with its two sides representing probabilities. Unlike known paradoxes in mathematics, the revealed contradiction cannot be explained…
In this paper we prove the S-inequality for certain product probability measures and ideals in R^n . As a result, for the Weibull and Gamma product distributions we derive concentration of measure type estimates as well as optimal…
In classical percolation theory, the van den Berg-Kesten (BK) inequality is a fundamental tool that shows that disjoint events induce negative conditionings on each other. The inequality also holds in the context of last passage percolation…