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There are bipartite quantum nonlocal correlations requiring very low detection efficiency to reach the loophole-free regime but that need too many measurement settings to be practical for actual experiments. This leads to the general…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-02-09 Jaskaran Singh , Adán Cabello

Quantum measurements can produce randomness arising from the uncertainty principle. When measuring a state with von Neumann measurements, the intrinsic randomness can be quantified by the quantum coherence of the state on the measurement…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-03-17 Hao Dai , Boyang Chen , Xingjian Zhang , Xiongfeng Ma

Strict frequentism defines probability as the limiting relative frequency in an infinite sequence. What if the limit does not exist? We present a broader theory, which is applicable also to random phenomena that exhibit diverging relative…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2023-06-07 Christian Fröhlich , Rabanus Derr , Robert C. Williamson

The detection of nonlocal correlations in a Bell experiment implies almost by definition some intrinsic randomness in the measurement outcomes. For given correlations, or for a given Bell violation, the amount of randomness predicted by…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-08-20 Erik Woodhead , Boris Bourdoncle , Antonio Acín

In this paper we consider the generation of discrete white noise. Despite this seems to be a simple problem, common noise generator implementations do not deliver comparable results at different sampling rates. First we define what we mean…

Sound · Computer Science 2011-03-22 Henning Thielemann

Secure random numbers are a fundamental element of many applications in science, statistics, cryptography and more in general in security protocols. We present a method that enables the generation of high-speed unpredictable random numbers…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-02-15 Davide G. Marangon , Giuseppe Vallone , Paolo Villoresi

Loophole-free experiments have demonstrated that at least one of three features is false when the violation of Bell's inequalities is observed: Locality, Realism or (what is lesser known) Ergodicity. An experiment is proposed to find out,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-03-09 Alejandro Hnilo

The hypothesis of randomness is fundamental in statistical machine learning and in many areas of nonparametric statistics; it says that the observations are assumed to be independent and coming from the same unknown probability…

Probability · Mathematics 2022-02-08 Vladimir Vovk

The no-signaling constraints state that the probability distribution of the outputs of any subset of parties is independent of the inputs of the complementary set; here we re-examine these to see how they arise from relativistic causality.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-04-30 Paweł Horodecki , Ravishankar Ramanathan

Parametric fluctuations or stochastic signals are introduced into the control pulse sequence to investigate the feasibility of random control over quantum open systems. In a large parameter error region, the out-of-order control pulses work…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-09-19 Jun Jing , C. Allen Bishop , Lian-Ao Wu

A recent framework of quantum theory with no global causal order predicts the existence of "causally nonseparable" processes. Some of these processes produce correlations incompatible with any causal order (they violate so-called "causal…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-08-23 Adrien Feix , Mateus Araújo , Časlav Brukner

We introduce and study a novel semi-random multigraph process, described as follows. The process starts with an empty graph on $n$ vertices. In every round of the process, one vertex $v$ of the graph is picked uniformly at random and…

Random numbers represent an indispensable resource for many applications. A recent remarkable result is the realization that non-locality in quantum mechanics can be used to certify genuine randomness through Bell's theorem, producing…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-01-28 D. -L. Deng , C. Zu , X. -Y. Chang , P. -Y. Hou , H. -X. Yang , Y. -X. Wang , L. -M. Duan

In this paper, we develop a general machinery for finding explicit uniform probability and moment bounds on sub-additive positive functionals of random processes. Using the developed general technique, we derive uniform bounds on the…

Probability · Mathematics 2012-02-09 Alexander Goldenshluger , Oleg Lepski

Bell inequalities or Bell-like experiments are supposed to test hidden variable theories based on three intuitive assumptions: determinism, locality and measurement independence. If one of the assumptions of Bell inequality is properly…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-04-19 R. Rossi , Leonardo A. M. Souza

An important problem in statistics is the construction of confidence regions for unknown parameters. In most cases, asymptotic distribution theory is used to construct confidence regions, so any coverage probability claims only hold…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2014-10-28 Ryan Martin

In a local realist world view, physical properties are defined prior to and independent of measurement, and no physical influence can propagate faster than the speed of light. Proper experimental violation of a Bell inequality would show…

Randomness is a central concept to statistics and physics. Here, a statistical analysis shows experimental evidence that tossing coins and finding last digits of prime numbers are identical regarding statistics for equally likely outcomes.…

Applications · Statistics 2019-10-29 Yeseul Kim , Byung Mook Weon

We propose a new approach to nondeterministic random number generation. In theory, the randomness originated from the uncorrelated nature of consecutive laser pulses with Poissonian photon number distribution and that of the consecutive…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-05-13 Wei Wei , Hong Guo

We study the optimization of any quantum process by minimizing the "randomness" in the measurement result at the output of that quantum process. We conceptualize and propose a measure of such randomness and inquire whether an optimization…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-03-30 Sreetama Das , Asutosh Kumar , Aditi Sen De , Ujjwal Sen