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Probabilistic next-token prediction trained using cross-entropy loss is the basis of most large language models. Given a sequence of previous values, next-token prediction assigns a probability to each possible next value in the vocabulary.…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-05-19 Jacob Trauger , Ambuj Tewari

In this paper, a new method for decoding Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) codes, based on Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) neural networks is proposed. Due to the fact that in neural networks all procedures are processed in parallel, this method…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2014-11-14 Alireza Karami , Mahmoud Ahmadian Attari

The AWGNC, BSC, and max-fractional pseudocodeword redundancies of a binary linear code are defined to be the smallest number of rows in a parity-check matrix such that the corresponding minimum pseudoweight is equal to the minimum Hamming…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2012-03-07 Jens Zumbrägel , Vitaly Skachek , Mark F. Flanagan

To enable fault tolerance on millions of qubits in real time, scalable decoding is necessary, which motivates this paper. Existing decoding algorithms (decoders), such as clustering, matching, belief propagation (BP), and neural networks,…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-05-06 Yanzhang Zhu , Chen-Yu Peng , Yun Hao Chen , Yeong-Luh Ueng , Di Wu

Decoding error-correctiong codes by methods of mathematical optimization, most importantly linear programming, has become an important alternative approach to both algebraic and iterative decoding methods since its introduction by Feldman…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2015-09-04 Michael Helmling

We show that belief propagation combined with ordered statistics post-processing is a general decoder for quantum low density parity check codes constructed from the hypergraph product. To this end, we run numerical simulations of the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-01-04 Joschka Roffe , David R. White , Simon Burton , Earl T. Campbell

We consider near maximum-likelihood (ML) decoding of short linear block codes based on neural belief propagation (BP) decoding recently introduced by Nachmani et al.. While this method significantly outperforms conventional BP decoding, the…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2020-10-26 Andreas Buchberger , Christian Häger , Henry D. Pfister , Laurent Schmalen , Alexandre Graell i Amat

Erasures are the primary type of errors in physical systems dominated by leakage errors. While quantum error correction (QEC) using stabilizer codes can combat erasure errors, it remains unknown which constructions achieve capacity…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-05 Kao-Yueh Kuo , Yingkai Ouyang

Raptor codes have been widely used in many multimedia broadcast/multicast applications. However, our understanding of Raptor codes is still incomplete due to the insufficient amount of theoretical work on the performance analysis of Raptor…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2015-01-30 Peng Wang , Guoqiang Mao , Zihuai Lin , Ming Ding , Weifa Liang , Xiaohu Ge , Zhiyun Lin

The problem of computing a linear combination of sources over a multiple access channel is studied. Inner and outer bounds on the optimal tradeoff between the communication rates are established when encoding is restricted to random…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2018-10-30 Pinar Sen , Sung Hoon Lim , Young-Han Kim

This paper studies the problem of reconstructing a word given several of its noisy copies. This setup is motivated by several applications, among them is reconstructing strands in DNA-based storage systems. Under this paradigm, a word is…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2020-01-17 Omer Sabary , Eitan Yaakobi , Alexander Yucovich

Detectability of failures of linear programming (LP) decoding and its potential for improvement by adding new constraints motivate the use of an adaptive approach in selecting the constraints for the LP problem. In this paper, we make a…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2007-07-13 Mohammad H. Taghavi N. , Paul H. Siegel

An approach is established for maximizing the Lower bound on the Mismatch capacity (hereafter abbreviated as LM rate), a key performance bound in mismatched decoding, by optimizing the channel input probability distribution. Under a fixed…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-05-02 Lingyi Chen , Shitong Wu , Xinwei Li , Huihui Wu , Hao Wu , Wenyi Zhang

The design of optimal linear block codes capable of being efficiently decoded is of major concern, especially for short block lengths. As near capacity-approaching codes, Low-Density Parity-Check (LDPC) codes possess several advantages over…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-10-11 Yoni Choukroun , Lior Wolf

A novel and efficient neural decoder algorithm is proposed. The proposed decoder is based on the neural Belief Propagation algorithm and the Automorphism Group. By combining neural belief propagation with permutations from the Automorphism…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2018-01-10 Eliya Nachmani , Yaron Bachar , Elad Marciano , David Burshtein , Yair Be'ery

A new property which relies on the linear programming (LP) decoder, the approximate maximum-likelihood certificate (AMLC), is introduced. When using the belief propagation decoder, this property is a measure of how close the decoded…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2011-05-17 Idan Goldenberg , David Burshtein

A reduced complexity sequential decoding algorithm for polar (sub)codes is described. The proposed approach relies on a decomposition of the polar (sub)code being decoded into a number of outer codes, and on-demand construction of codewords…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2020-07-08 Grigorii Trofimiuk , Nikolay Iakuba , Stanislav Rets , Kirill Ivanov , Peter Trifonov

The code that combines channel estimation and error protection has received general attention recently, and has been considered a promising methodology to compensate multi-path fading effect. It has been shown by simulations that such code…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2007-12-18 Chia-Lung Wu , Po-Ning Chen , Yunghsiang S. Han , Ming-Hsin Kuo

In this paper, we introduce a new way of constructing and decoding multipermutation codes. Multipermutations are permutations of a multiset that generally consist of duplicate entries. We first introduce a class of binary matrices called…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2015-07-29 Xishuo Liu , Stark C. Draper

Neural-network decoders can achieve a lower logical error rate compared to conventional decoders, like minimum-weight perfect matching, when decoding the surface code. Furthermore, these decoders require no prior information about the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-30 Boris M. Varbanov , Marc Serra-Peralta , David Byfield , Barbara M. Terhal