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The second law of thermodynamics tells us which state transformations are so statistically unlikely that they are effectively forbidden. Its original formulation, due to Clausius, states that "Heat can never pass from a colder to a warmer…

The second law of thermodynamics is discussed and reformulated from a quantum information theoretic perspective for open quantum systems using relative entropy. Specifically, the relative entropy of a quantum state with respect to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-11-11 Neil Dowling , Stefan Floerchinger , Tobias Haas

In this work, we establish an exact relation which connects the heat exchange between two systems initialized in their thermodynamic equilibrium states at different temperatures and the R\'{e}nyi divergences between the initial…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-05-07 Bo-Bo Wei

A model computational quantum thermodynamic network is constructed with two variable temperature baths coupled by a linker system, with an asymmetry in the coupling of the linker to the two baths. It is found in computational simulations…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2021-11-10 Phillip C. Lotshaw , Michael E. Kellman

Master equation could be applied to model various kinds of biochemical systems. A general theory for its time-dependent nonequilibrium thermodynamics is rigorously derived. We not only introduce a concept of general internal energy, but…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2009-04-16 Hao Ge

The development of stochastic thermodynamics during the last decades prompted the discovery of novel nonequilibrium relations refining our understanding of the second law in small fluctuating systems and its connection with information…

Physics and Society · Physics 2025-11-19 Luis Irisarri , Lucas Trigal , Raúl Toral , Gonzalo Manzano

In quantum statistical mechanics, equilibrium states have been shown to be the typical states for a system that is entangled with its environment, suggesting a possible identification between thermodynamic and von Neumann entropies. In this…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-06-28 Thibaut Josset

Landauer's principle states that erasing a bit of information at fixed temperature T costs at least kT ln 2 units of work. Here we investigate erasure at varying temperature, to which Landauer's result does not apply. We formulate bit…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2023-12-29 Stephen Whitelam

The second law of equilibrium thermodynamics explains the direction of spontaneous processes in a system after removing internal constraints. When the system only exchanges energy with the environment as heat, the second law states that…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2024-04-30 Robert Hołyst , Paweł Jan Żuk , Anna Maciołek , Karol Makuch , Konrad Giżyński

We present a fluctuation relation for heat dissipation in a nonequilibrium system. A nonequilibrium work is known to obey the fluctuation theorem in any time interval $t$. A heat, which differs from a work by an energy change, is shown to…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2012-06-19 Jae Dong Noh , Jong-Min Park

Thermodynamics connects our knowledge of the world to our capability to manipulate and thus to control it. This crucial role of control is exemplified by the third law of thermodynamics, Nernst's unattainability principle, which states that…

The third law of thermodynamics in the form of the unattainability principle states that exact ground-state cooling requires infinite resources. Here we investigate the amount of non-equilibrium resources needed for approximate cooling. We…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-11-28 Henrik Wilming , Rodrigo Gallego

Fluctuation theorems are fundamental extensions of the second law of thermodynamics for small nonequilibrium systems. While work and heat are equally important forms of energy exchange, fluctuation relations have not been experimentally…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2022-02-24 Markus Rademacher , Michael Konopik , Maxime Debiossac , David Grass , Eric Lutz , Nikolai Kiesel

The status of heat and work in nonequilibrium thermodynamics is quite confusing and non-unique at present with conflicting interpretations even after a long history of the first law in terms of exchange heat and work, and is far from…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2012-06-05 P. D. Gujrati

The second law of thermodynamics places a limitation into which states a system can evolve into. For systems in contact with a heat bath, it can be combined with the law of energy conservation, and it says that a system can only evolve into…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-11-20 Piotr Ćwikliński , Michał Studziński , Michał Horodecki , Jonathan Oppenheim

The Clausius inequality (CI) form of the second law of thermodynamics relates information changes (entropy) to changes in the first moment of the energy (heat and indirectly also work). Are there similar relations between other moments of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-09-27 Raam Uzdin

We show that the system entropy change for the transitions between non-equilibrium steady states arbitrarily far from equilibrium for any constituting process is given by the relative entropy of the distributions of these steady states.…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2012-05-29 G. Baris Bagci , Ugur Tirnakli , Juergen Kurths

Non-equilibrium states of quantum systems in contact with thermal baths help telling environments with different temperatures or different statistics apart. We extend these studies to a more generic problem that consists in discriminating…

We review and investigate the general theory of thermodynamics of computation, and derive the fundamental inequalities that set the lower bounds of the work requirement and the heat emission during a computation. These inequalities…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2015-06-17 Takahiro Sagawa

Landauer's principle states that the erasure of one bit of information requires the free energy kT ln 2. We argue that the reliability of the bit erasure process is bounded by the accuracy inherent in the statistical state of the energy…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Dominik Janzing , Pawel Wocjan , Robert Zeier , Rubino Geiss , Thomas Beth