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We study the asymptotics and fine-scale behavior of quantitative combinatorial measures of infinite words and related dynamical and algebraic structures. We construct infinite recurrent words $w$ whose complexity functions $p_w(n)$ are…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-08-26 Be'eri Greenfeld , Carlos Gustavo Moreira , Efim Zelmanov

The height of a piecewise-testable language $L$ is the maximum length of the words needed to define $L$ by excluding and requiring given subwords. The height of $L$ is an important descriptive complexity measure that has not yet been…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2023-06-22 Prateek Karandikar , Philippe Schnoebelen

The downward and upward closures of a regular language $L$ are obtained by collecting all the subwords and superwords of its elements, respectively. The downward and upward interiors of $L$ are obtained dually by collecting words having all…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2015-12-02 Prateek Karandikar , Matthias Niewerth , Philippe Schnoebelen

The complexity function of an infinite word $w$ on a finite alphabet $A$ is the sequence counting, for each non-negative $n$, the number of words of length $n$ on the alphabet $A$ that are factors of the infinite word $w$. For any given…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2018-03-01 C. Mauduit , C. -G. Moreira

Words are sequences of letters over a finite alphabet. We study two intimately related topics for this object: quasi-randomness and limit theory. With respect to the first topic we investigate the notion of uniform distribution of letters…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2021-09-01 Hiêp Hàn , Marcos Kiwi , Matías Pavez-Signé

We consider finite trees with edges labeled by letters on a finite alphabet $\varSigma$. Each pair of nodes defines a unique labeled path whose trace is a word of the free monoid $\varSigma^*$. The set of all such words defines the language…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2015-05-12 Srečko Brlek , Nadia Lafrenière , Xavier Provençal

We investigate the average-case complexity of decision problems for finitely generated groups, in particular the word and membership problems. Using our recent results on ``generic-case complexity'' we show that if a finitely generated…

Group Theory · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Ilya Kapovich , Alexei Myasnikov , Paul Schupp , Vladimir Shpilrain

We introduce subsequence covers (s-covers, in short), a new type of covers of a word. A word $C$ is an s-cover of a word $S$ if the occurrences of $C$ in $S$ as subsequences cover all the positions in $S$. The s-covers seem to be…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Panagiotis Charalampopoulos , Solon P. Pissis , Jakub Radoszewski , Wojciech Rytter , Tomasz Waleń , Wiktor Zuba

In this article, we count the number of return words in some infinite words with complexity 2n+1. We also consider some infinite words given by codings of rotation and interval exchange transformations on k intervals. We prove that the…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Laurent Vuillon

Superpermutations are words over a finite alphabet containing every permutation as a factor. Finding the minimal length of a superpermutation is still an open problem. In this article, we introduce superpermutations matrices. We establish a…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2019-08-14 Guillaume Dumas

In this paper, we consider the problem of constructing optimal average-length binary codes under the constraint that each codeword must contain at most $D$ ones, where $D$ is a given input parameter. We provide an $O(n^2D)$-time complexity…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-12-03 Roberto Bruno , Roberto De Prisco , Ugo Vaccaro

We consider a type of long-range percolation problem on the positive integers, motivated by earlier work of others on the appearance of (in)finite words within a site percolation model. The main issue is whether a given infinite binary word…

Probability · Mathematics 2008-07-11 Geoffrey R. Grimmett , Thomas M. Liggett , Thomas Richthammer

Upper bounds on the maximum number of codewords in a binary code of a given length and minimum Hamming distance are considered. New bounds are derived by a combination of linear programming and counting arguments. Some of these bounds…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2007-07-13 Beniamin Mounits , Tuvi Etzion , Simon Litsyn

Indexed languages are a classical notion in formal language theory, which has attracted attention in recent decades due to its role in higher-order model checking: They are precisely the languages accepted by order-2 pushdown automata. The…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Richard Mandel , Corto Mascle , Georg Zetzsche

In the number $373$ all subwords ($3$, $7$, $37$, $73$, and $373$) are prime. Similarly, in $9719$ all subwords are divisible by at most one prime. And similarly again in $7319797913$ all subwords are divisible by at most two primes. These…

History and Overview · Mathematics 2019-12-19 Onno M. Cain

A set X of partial words over a finite alphabet A is called unavoidable if every two-sided infinite word over A has a factor compatible with an element of X. Unlike the case of a set of words without holes, the problem of deciding whether…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2017-08-23 Joey Becker , F. Blanchet-Sadri , Laure Flapan , Stephen Watkins

For finite reflection groups of types A and B, we determine the diameter of the graph whose vertices are reduced words for the longest element and whose edges are braid relations. This is deduced from a more general theorem that applies to…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2020-06-03 Victor Reiner , Yuval Roichman

We prove lower bounds on the length of regular expressions for finite languages by methods from arithmetic circuit complexity. First, we show a reduction: the length of a regular expression for a language $L\subseteq \{0,1\}^n$ is bounded…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2021-01-01 Ehud Cseresnyes , Hannes Seiwert

In this paper we study the asymptotic behaviour of two relatively new complexity functions defined on infinite words and their relationship to periodicity. Given a factor $u$ of an infinite word $x$, we say $u$ is closed if it is a letter…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2023-01-04 O. Parshina , M. Postic

A problem of reconstructing words from their subwords involves determining the minimum amount of information needed, such as multisets of scattered subwords of a specific length or the frequency of scattered subwords from a given set, in…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2025-12-04 Sergey Luchinin , Svetlana Puzynina , Michaël Rao