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In a multi-base representation of an integer (in contrast to, for example, the binary or decimal representation) the base (or radix) is replaced by products of powers of single bases. The resulting numeral system has desirable properties…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2015-11-10 Daniel Krenn , Dimbinaina Ralaivaosaona , Stephan Wagner

Representation learning, and interpreting learned representations, are key areas of focus in machine learning and neuroscience. Both fields generally use representations as a means to understand or improve a system's computations. In this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-24 Andrew Kyle Lampinen , Stephanie C. Y. Chan , Katherine Hermann

For $x\ge0$ let $\pi(x)$ be the number of primes not exceeding $x$. The asymptotic behaviors of the prime-counting function $\pi(x)$ and the $n$-th prime $p_n$ have been studied intensively in analytic number theory. Surprisingly, we find…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2016-02-26 Zhi-Wei Sun

Symbolic computation, powered by modern computer algebra systems, has important applications in mathematical reasoning through exact deep computations. The efficiency of symbolic computation is largely constrained by such deep computations…

Symbolic Computation · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Rui-Juan Jing , Yuegang Zhao , Changbo Chen

While graphs and abstract data structures can be large and complex, practical instances are often regular or highly structured. If the instance has sufficient structure, we might hope to compress the object into a more succinct…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2024-12-02 Shreya Gupta , Boyang Huang , Russell Impagliazzo , Stanley Woo , Christopher Ye

Computation is commonly defined as the execution of abstract algorithms over symbolic representations, with physical systems treated as substrates that realise predefined operations. While effective for engineered machines, this separation…

Physics and Society · Physics 2026-01-21 Kimia Witte

In this paper, we present an approach to integer factorization using distributed representations formed with Vector Symbolic Architectures. The approach formulates integer factorization in a manner such that it can be solved using neural…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2022-09-02 Denis Kleyko , Connor Bybee , Christopher J. Kymn , Bruno A. Olshausen , Amir Khosrowshahi , Dmitri E. Nikonov , Friedrich T. Sommer , E. Paxon Frady

A rational number can be naturally presented by an arithmetic computation (AC): a sequence of elementary arithmetic operations starting from a fixed constant, say 1. The asymptotic complexity issues of such a representation are studied e.g.…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Sergey P. Tarasov , Mikhail N. Vyalyi

The Operator axioms have produced new real numbers with new operators. New operators naturally produce new equations and thus extend the traditional mathematical models which are selected to describe various scientific rules. So new…

Numerical Analysis · Computer Science 2021-02-08 Pith Peishu Xie

The representation of mathematical objects in terms of (more) basic ones is part and parcel of (the foundations of) mathematics. In the usual foundations of mathematics, i.e. $\textsf{ZFC}$ set theory, all mathematical objects are…

Logic · Mathematics 2022-10-19 Sam Sanders

Prime numbers are fascinating by the way they appear in the set of natural numbers. Despite several results enlighting us about their repartition, the set of prime numbers is often informally qualified as misterious. In the present paper,…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2025-07-02 Arnaud Mayeux

In this short note we relate some known properties of propositional calculus to purely algebraic considerations of a Boolean algebra. Classes of formulas of propositional calculus are considered as elements of a Boolean algebra. As such…

Logic · Mathematics 2009-06-12 Bernd R. Schuh

We introduce and consider a certain probability question involving elementary number theory and the likelihood that a fixed prime will appear in a certain recursively defined factorization of an integer. We derive several convergent…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2014-06-17 Patrick Devlin , Edinah Gnang

Positional numeration systems are a large family of numeration systems used to represent natural numbers. Whether the set of all representations forms a regular language or not is one of the most important questions that can be asked of…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2025-12-16 Émilie Charlier , Savinien Kreczman

Literature considers under the name \emph{unimaginable numbers} any positive integer going beyond any physical application, with this being more of a vague description of what we are talking about rather than an actual mathematical…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2019-03-13 Antonino Leonardis , Gianfranco D'Atri , Fabio Caldarola

A Generalized Numeration Base is defined in this paper, and then particular cases are presented, such as Prime Base, Square Base, m-Power Base, Factorial Base, and operations in these bases. These bases are important for partitions of…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Florentin Smarandache

The aim of the present article is to explore the possibilities of representing positive integers as sums of other positive integers and highlight certain fundamental connections between their multiplicative and additive properties. In…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2008-06-30 Dimitris Sardelis

Currently there is no known efficient formula for primes. Besides that, prime numbers have great importance in e.g., information technology such as public-key cryptography, and their position and possible or impossible functional generation…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2017-09-13 Sandor Kristyan

This article is an introduction to a new approach to first principles electronic structure calculation. The starting point is the Hartree-Fock-Roothaan equation, in which molecular integrals are approximated by polynomials by way of Taylor…

Computational Physics · Physics 2019-07-18 Akihito Kikuchi

A central question in cognitive science is whether conceptual representations converge onto a shared manifold to support generalization, or diverge into orthogonal subspaces to minimize task interference. While prior work has discovered…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Zhimin Hu , Lanhao Niu , Sashank Varma