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In this article, by using composite asymmetric least squares (CALS) and empirical likelihood, we propose a two-step procedure to estimate the conditional value at risk (VaR) and conditional expected shortfall (ES) for the GARCH series.…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2018-07-05 Sheng Wu , Yi Zhang , Jun Zhao , Liming Shen

Let $X_{1},\ldots ,X_{n}$ be $n$ real-valued dependent random variables. With motivation from Mitra and Resnick (2009), we derive the tail asymptotic expansion for the weighted sum of order statistics $X_{1:n}\leq \cdots \leq X_{n:n}$ of…

Probability · Mathematics 2014-08-07 Enkelejd Hashorva , Jinzhi Li

Operational risk capital estimation under Basel II/III requires quantifying aggregate losses at extreme confidence levels of 99.9% and beyond, yet the standard Loss Distribution Approach (LDA) assumes independence between loss frequency and…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Juan Ballesteros Gómez , Eduardo C. Garrido-Merchán , Pedro Pablo Pérez-Velasco

Tail Value-at-Risk (TVaR) is a widely adopted risk measure playing a critically important role in both academic research and industry practice in insurance. In data applications, TVaR is often estimated using the empirical method, owing to…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2026-01-26 Nadezhda Gribkova , Jianxi Su , Mengqi Wang

Expected risk minimization (ERM) is at the core of many machine learning systems. This means that the risk inherent in a loss distribution is summarized using a single number - its average. In this paper, we propose a general approach to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-24 Christian Fröhlich , Robert C. Williamson

We set the context for capital approximation within the framework of the Basel II / III regulatory capital accords. This is particularly topical as the Basel III accord is shortly due to take effect. In this regard, we provide a summary of…

Risk Management · Quantitative Finance 2013-03-13 Gareth W. Peters , Rodrigo S. Targino , Pavel V. Shevchenko

We account for time-varying parameters in the conditional expectile-based value at risk (EVaR) model. The EVaR downside risk is more sensitive to the magnitude of portfolio losses compared to the quantile-based value at risk (QVaR). Rather…

Statistical Finance · Quantitative Finance 2020-09-29 Xiu Xu , Andrija Mihoci , Wolfgang Karl Härdle

For measuring tail risk with scarce extreme events, extreme value analysis is often invoked as the statistical tool to extrapolate to the tail of a distribution. The presence of large datasets benefits tail risk analysis by providing more…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-12-18 Liujun Chen , Deyuan Li , Chen Zhou

Value-at-Risk (VaR) and Expected Shortfall (ES) are widely used in the financial sector to measure the market risk and manage the extreme market movement. The recent link between the quantile score function and the Asymmetric Laplace…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-05-14 Zhengkun Li , Minh-Ngoc Tran , Chao Wang , Richard Gerlach , Junbin Gao

Under the Basel II standards, the Operational Risk (OpRisk) advanced measurement approach allows a provision for reduction of capital as a result of insurance mitigation of up to 20%. This paper studies the behaviour of different insurance…

Risk Management · Quantitative Finance 2010-11-04 Gareth W. Peters , Aaron D. Byrnes , Pavel V. Shevchenko

$L_p$-quantile has recently been receiving growing attention in risk management since it has desirable properties as a risk measure and is a generalization of two widely applied risk measures, Value-at-Risk and Expectile. The statistical…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-12-16 Qingzhao Zhong , Yanxi Hou

We consider the problem of risk diversification of $\alpha$-stable heavy tailed risks. We study the behaviour of the aggregated Value-at-Risk, with particular reference to the impact of different tail dependence structures on the limits to…

Risk Management · Quantitative Finance 2017-04-25 Umberto Cherubini , Paolo Neri

Value at risk (VaR) is a risk measure that has been widely implemented by financial institutions. This paper measures the correlation among asset price changes implied from VaR calculation. Empirical results using US and UK equity indexes…

Risk Management · Quantitative Finance 2011-03-30 John Cotter , François Longin

Value-at-risk (VaR) and expected shortfall (ES) are two commonly utilized metrics for quantifying financial risk. In this study, we review the widely employed Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity (GARCH) models. These…

Computation · Statistics 2024-05-14 Kanon Kamronnaher , Andrew Bellucco , Whitney K. Huang , Colin M. Gallagher

We propose a new approach, termed Realized Risk Measures (RRM), to estimate Value-at-Risk (VaR) and Expected Shortfall (ES) using high-frequency financial data. It extends the Realized Quantile (RQ) approach proposed by Dimitriadis and…

Risk Management · Quantitative Finance 2025-10-21 Federico Gatta , Fabrizio Lillo , Piero Mazzarisi

Tail Gini functional is a measure of tail risk variability for systemic risks, and has many applications in banking, finance and insurance. Meanwhile, there is growing attention on aymptotic independent pairs in quantitative risk…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-09-13 Zhaowen Wang , Liujun Chen , Deyuan Li

Using a family of modified Weibull distributions, encompassing both sub-exponentials and super-exponentials, to parameterize the marginal distributions of asset returns and their multivariate generalizations with Gaussian copulas, we offer…

Physics and Society · Physics 2009-11-10 Y. Malevergne , D. Sornette

Measures of risk concentration and their asymptotic behavior for portfolios with heavy-tailed risk factors is of interest in risk management. Second order regular variation is a structural assumption often imposed on such risk factors to…

Probability · Mathematics 2020-06-11 Bikramjit Das , Marie Kratz

This paper provides the first and second order derivatives of any risk measures, including VaR and ES for continuous and discrete portfolio loss random variable variables. Also, we give asymptotic results of the first and second order…

Risk Management · Quantitative Finance 2024-08-14 Battulga Gankhuu

This paper investigates the asymptotic behavior of higher-order conditional tail moments, which quantify the contribution of individual losses in the event of systemic collapse. The study is conducted within a framework comprising two…

Probability · Mathematics 2025-05-27 Zhangting Chen , Bingjie Wang , Dongya Cheng