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Observables and instruments have played significant roles in recent studies on the foundations of quantum mechanics. Sequential products of effects and conditioned observables have also been introduced. After an introduction in Section~1,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-05-19 Stan Gudder

In this paper, we address the problem of constructing a uniform probability measure on $\mathbb{N}$. Of course, this is not possible within the bounds of the Kolmogorov axioms and we have to violate at least one axiom. We define a…

Probability · Mathematics 2017-02-02 Timber Kerkvliet , Ronald Meester

We tackle the problem of conditioning probabilistic programs on distributions of observable variables. Probabilistic programs are usually conditioned on samples from the joint data distribution, which we refer to as deterministic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-09 David Tolpin , Yuan Zhou , Tom Rainforth , Hongseok Yang

A recurring debate in the philosophy of statistics concerns what, exactly, should count as a measure of evidence for or against a given hypothesis. P-values, likelihood ratios, and Bayes factors all have their defenders. In this paper we…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-03-26 Ben Chugg , Aaditya Ramdas , Peter Grünwald

We introduce the notions of over- and under-independence for weakly mixing and (free) ergodic measure preserving actions and establish new results which complement and extend the theorems obtained in [BoFW] and [A]. Here is a sample of…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2018-07-12 Terry Adams , Vitaly Bergelson , Wenbo Sun

We construct a family of probability measures on the group of Hamiltonian diffeomorphisms of a closed symplectic manifold $(M,\omega)$. We show that these measures are Borel measures with respect to the topology induced by the Hofer metric.…

Symplectic Geometry · Mathematics 2025-10-06 Adrian Dawid

Multiple testing of a single hypothesis and testing multiple hypotheses are usually done in terms of p-values. In this paper we replace p-values with their natural competitor, e-values, which are closely related to betting, Bayes factors,…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2021-10-26 Vladimir Vovk , Ruodu Wang

The aim of this work is to provide a unified framework for ordinal representations of uncertainty lying at the crosswords between possibility and probability theories. Such confidence relations between events are commonly found in monotonic…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2012-08-07 Didier Dubois , Helene Fargier

Spaces of quasi-invariant measures supplied with different topologies are studied. Their embeddings, projective decompositions, conditions for their metrizability are investigated. Theorems about convergence of nets of quasi-invariant…

Probability · Mathematics 2016-06-08 Sergey Victor Ludkowski

A method is discussed that allows combining sets of differential or inclusive measurements. It is assumed that at least one measurement was obtained with simultaneously fitting a set of nuisance parameters, representing sources of…

Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability · Physics 2018-01-09 Jan Kieseler

We study properties of two resampling scenarios: Conditional Randomisation and Conditional Permutation schemes, which are relevant for testing conditional independence of discrete random variables $X$ and $Y$ given a random variable $Z$.…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2023-04-14 Małgorzata Łazęcka , Bartosz Kołodziejek , Jan Mielniczuk

We introduce the notion of a probabilistic measure which takes values in hyperbolic numbers and which satisfies the system of axioms generalizing directly Kolmogorov's system of axioms. We show that this new measure verifies the usual…

Probability · Mathematics 2015-08-07 Daniel Alpay , Maria Elena Luna-Elizarrarás , Michael Shapiro

This paper considers the notion of possible events which are insignificant in probabilistic analysis (i.e. events that have zero probability). The paper discusses the method of modal logic based on "possible worlds" and discusses a…

Other Statistics · Statistics 2022-11-08 Ben O'Neill

We extend algorithmic conservation inequalities to probability measures. The amount of self information of a probability measure cannot increase when submitted to randomized processing. This includes (potentially non-computable) measures…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2024-09-12 Samuel Epstein

Finite mixture models are statistical models which appear in many problems in statistics and machine learning. In such models it is assumed that data are drawn from random probability measures, called mixture components, which are…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-04-05 Robert A. Vandermeulen , Clayton D. Scott

Given p independent normal populations, we consider the problem of estimating the mean of those populations, that based on the observed data, give the strongest signals. We explicitly condition on the ranking of the sample means, and…

Methodology · Statistics 2017-02-28 Claudio Fuentes , Vik Gopal

Methods for probability updating, of which Bayesian conditionalization is the most well-known and widely used, are modeling tools that aim to represent the process of modifying an initial epistemic state, typically represented by a prior…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Tommaso Flaminio , Lluis Godo , Gluliano Rosella

In this paper, an optimization problem with uncertain constraint coefficients is considered. Possibility theory is used to model the uncertainty. Namely, a joint possibility distribution in constraint coefficient realizations, called…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-09-07 Romain Guillaume , Adam Kasperski , Pawel Zielinski

A risk-aware decision-making problem can be formulated as a chance-constrained linear program in probability measure space. Chance-constrained linear program in probability measure space is intractable, and no numerical method exists to…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-11-21 Xun Shen , Satoshi Ito

We investigate the optimal configurations of n points on the unit sphere for a class of potential functions. In particular, we characterize these optimal configurations in terms of their approximation properties within frame theory.…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2017-09-04 Martin Ehler , Kasso A. Okoudjou