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Random probabilities are a key component to many nonparametric methods in Statistics and Machine Learning. To quantify comparisons between different laws of random probabilities several works are starting to use the elegant Wasserstein over…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2024-05-27 Marta Catalano , Hugo Lavenant

In the first part of this two-part article, we have introduced and analyzed a multidimensional model, called the 'general tension-reduction' (GTR) model, able to describe general quantum-like measurements with an arbitrary number of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-09-17 Diederik Aerts , Massimiliano Sassoli de Bianchi

In a number of recent papers, the idea of generalized boundaries has found use in fractal and in multiresolution analysis; many of the papers having a focus on specific examples. Parallel with this new insight, and motivated by quantum…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2018-05-17 Palle Jorgensen , Feng Tian

A real number \alpha is called recursively enumerable if there exists a computable, increasing sequence of rational numbers which converges to \alpha. The randomness of a recursively enumerable real \alpha can be characterized in various…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2008-05-20 Kohtaro Tadaki

The problem of measurement in quantum mechanics is reanalyzed within a general, strictly probabilistic framework (without reduction postulate). Based on a novel comprehensive definition of measurement the natural emergence of objective…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Markus Simonius

Orthogonal Monte Carlo (OMC) is a very effective sampling algorithm imposing structural geometric conditions (orthogonality) on samples for variance reduction. Due to its simplicity and superior performance as compared to its Quasi Monte…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-05-29 Han Lin , Haoxian Chen , Tianyi Zhang , Clement Laroche , Krzysztof Choromanski

Given a positive random variable $X$, $X\ge0$ a.s., a null hypothesis $H_0:E(X)\le\mu$ and a random sample of infinite size of $X$, we construct test supermartingales for $H_0$, i.e. positive processes that are supermartingale if the null…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-09-21 Harrie Hendriks

Measurements are shown to be processes designed to return figures: they are effective. This effectivity allows for a formalization as Turing machines, which can be described employing computation theory. Inspired in the halting problem we…

Other Computer Science · Computer Science 2020-08-26 Aldo F. G. Solis-Labastida , Jorge G. Hirsch

We study pairs of reals that are mutually Martin-L\"{o}f random with respect to a common, not necessarily computable probability measure. We show that a generalized version of van Lambalgen's Theorem holds for non-computable probability…

Logic · Mathematics 2016-02-10 Adam R. Day , Jan Reimann

Suppose that we have a method which estimates the conditional probabilities of some unknown stochastic source and we use it to guess which of the outcomes will happen. We want to make a correct guess as often as it is possible. What…

Probability · Mathematics 2023-02-10 Łukasz Dębowski , Tomasz Steifer

Randomization testing is a fundamental method in statistics, enabling inferential tasks such as testing for (conditional) independence of random variables, constructing confidence intervals in semiparametric location models, and…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-03-21 Yash Nair , Lucas Janson

We present simple, self-contained proofs of correctness for algorithms for linearity testing and program checking of linear functions on finite subsets of integers represented as n-bit numbers. In addition we explore a generalization of…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2015-06-24 Sheela Devadas , Ronitt Rubinfeld

Randomness is a crucial resource for a broad range of important applications, such as Monte Carlo simulation and computation, generative artificial intelligence and cryptography. But what is randomness? A widely accepted definition has…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-10-01 Mario Stipčević

We study two types of probability measures on the set of integer partitions of $n$ with at most $m$ parts. The first one chooses the random partition with a chance related to its largest part only. We then obtain the limiting distributions…

Probability · Mathematics 2023-01-03 Tiefeng Jiang , Ke Wang

Reliable inference for spatial regression remains challenging because it requires the correct specification of the spatial dependence structure, the mean trend, and the error distribution. Existing parametric testing methods rely on…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-05-12 Kanghyun Wi , Hyoeun Kim , Tomáš Mrkvička , Jorge Mateu , Jaewoo Park

We consider a variant of online convex optimization in which both the instances (input vectors) and the comparator (weight vector) are unconstrained. We exploit a natural scale invariance symmetry in our unconstrained setting: the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-08-24 Wojciech Kotłowski

We consider functional data which have only been observed on a subset of their domain. This paper aims to develop statistical tests to determine whether the function and the domain over which it is observed are independent. The assumption…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-12-04 Maximilian Ofner , Siegfried Hörmann , David Kraus , Dominik Liebl

Algorithmic interpretability is necessary to build trust, ensure fairness, and track accountability. However, there is no existing formal measurement method for algorithmic interpretability. In this work, we build upon programming language…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-05-23 John P. Lalor , Hong Guo

We consider the evaluation of laboratory practice through the comparison of measurements made by participating metrology laboratories when the measurement procedures are considered to have both fixed effects (the residual error due to…

Applications · Statistics 2012-05-09 John F Clare , Annette Koo , Robert B Davies

Measurement uncertainty relations are lower bounds on the errors of any approximate joint measurement of two or more quantum observables. The aim of this paper is to provide methods to compute optimal bounds of this type. The basic method…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-06-08 René Schwonnek , David Reeb , Reinhard F. Werner