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This is a review of the issue of randomness in quantum mechanics, with special emphasis on its ambiguity; for example, randomness has different antipodal relationships to determinism, computability, and compressibility. Following a…

History and Philosophy of Physics · Physics 2020-02-19 Klaas Landsman

The dual wave-particle nature of quantum objects is a notoriously unintuitive feature of quantum theories. However, it is often deemed essential, due to quantum objects exhibiting diffraction and interference. We extend the work of…

General Physics · Physics 2025-11-11 Geoff Beck

Elementary particles in quantum mechanics (QM) are indistinguishable when sharing the same intrinsic properties and the same quantum state. So, we can consider quantum particles as non-individuals, although non-individuality is usually…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Adonai S. Sant'Anna

Quantum mechanics predicts many surprising phenomena, including the two-slit interference of electrons. It has often been claimed that these phenomena cannot be understood in classical terms. But the meaning of "classical" is often not…

History and Philosophy of Physics · Physics 2018-02-07 Tim Maudlin

Richard Feynman's observation that quantum mechanical effects could not be simulated efficiently on a computer led to speculation that computation in general could be done more efficiently if it used quantum effects. This speculation…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2010-01-05 Eleanor G. Rieffel , Wolfgang Polak

The uncertainty principle bounds the uncertainties about incompatible measurements, clearly setting quantum theory apart from the classical world. Its mathematical formulation via uncertainty relations, plays an irreplaceable role in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-08-22 Yunlong Xiao , Kun Fang , Gilad Gour

In this paper, we will constrain the operator ordering ambiguity of Wheeler-DeWitt equation by analyzing the quantum fluctuations in the universe. This will be done using a third quantized formalism. It is expected that the early stages of…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2020-03-06 Yoshiaki Ohkuwa , Yasuo Ezawa , Mir Faizal

The superposition principle is usually incorrectly applied in interference experiments. This has recently been investigated through numerics based on Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) methods as well as the Feynman path integral…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-10-12 Aninda Sinha , Aravind H. Vijay , Urbasi Sinha

Standard quantum mechanics unquestionably violates the separability principle that classical physics (be it point-like analytic, statistical, or field-theoretic) accustomed us to consider as valid. In this paper, quantum nonseparability is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Vassilios Karakostas

Quantum theory was discovered in an adventurous way, under the urge to solve puzzles-like the spectrum of the blackbody radiation-that haunted the physics community at the beginning of the 20th century. It soon became clear, though, that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-03-15 Giulio Chiribella , Giacomo Mauro D'Ariano , Paolo Perinotti

Entanglement is a purely quantum mechanical phenomenon and thus it has no classical analog. On the other hand, coherence is a well-known phenomenon in classical optics and in quantum mechanics. Recent research shows that quantum coherence…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-02-14 Anu Kumari , Satyabrata Adhikari

In a fundamental formulation of the quantum mechanics of a closed system such as the universe as a whole, three forms of information are needed to make predictions for the probabilities of alternative time histories of the closed system .…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2021-03-16 James B. Hartle

We introduce the key ideas and mathematical tools central to modern discussions of collapse. We assume knowledge of basic quantum mechanics -- the Schr\"{o}dinger evolution of states in Hilbert space, the Born probability rule, the Dirac…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-01-15 R. D. Hazeltine

The main aim of this note is to show that the formalism of multi-time equations in quantum mechanics meant to represent a manifestly Lorentz-invariant theory suffers from at least three imperfections: (1) It does not cover those physical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-03-04 Ali Sanayei

We stress the notion of statistical experiment, which is mandatory for quantum mechanics, and recall Ludwig's foundation of quantum mechanics, which provides the most general framework to deal with statistical experiments giving evidence…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 L. Lanz , B. Vacchini , O. Melsheimer

Referring to quantum mechanics, Einstein used to say "The old one does not play dice." And this is true since the probability of quantum mechanics is not the classical probability of games such as dice. Historically this was the first…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2009-08-05 Stephen Bruce Sontz

Proposed derivations of the Born rule for Everettian theory are controversial. I argue that they are unnecessary but may provide justification for a simplified version of the Principal Principle. It's also unnecessary to replace Everett's…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-11-11 Paul Tappenden

Einstein's article on the EPR paradox is the most cited of his works, but not many know that it was not fully representative of the way he thought about the incompleteness of the quantum formalism. Indeed, his main worry was not…

The major conceptual difficulties of quantum mechanics are analyzed. They are: the notion "wave-particle", the probabilistic interpretation of the Schroedinger wave \psi-function and hence the probability amplitude and its phase, long-range…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Volodymyr Krasnoholovets

Negative probabilities emerged at intermediate steps in various attempts to predict the distributions of quantum interference. There is no consensus on their meaning yet. It has been suggested (Khrennikov, 1998) that negative probabilities…

General Physics · Physics 2012-06-26 Ghenadie N. Mardari