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In recent years, several pulsar timing array collaborations have reported evidence for a nanohertz gravitational wave background (GWB). Such a background signal could be produced by supermassive binary black holes, early-Universe processes…

Recent pulsar timing array (PTA) experiments have reported strong evidence of the stochastic gravitational wave background (SGWB). If interpreted as primordial Gravitational Waves (pGWs), the signal favors a strongly blue-tilted spectrum.…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-02-12 Taotao Qiu , Mian Zhu

Very recently, several pulsar timing array collaborations, including CPTA, EPTA, and NANOGrav, reported their results from searches for an isotropic stochastic gravitational wave background (SGWB), with each finding positive evidence for…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2023-07-06 Ligong Bian , Shuailiang Ge , Jing Shu , Bo Wang , Xing-Yu Yang , Junchao Zong

We perform searches for gravitational wave memory in the data of two major Pulsar Timing Array (PTA) experiments located in Europe and Australia. Supermassive black hole binaries (SMBHBs) are the primary sources of gravitational waves in…

Bayesian methods for the detection of continuous gravitational waves (CGWs) in Pulsar Timing Array (PTA) data incur substantial computational costs that grow rapidly due to the number of noise and signal parameters characterizing the fitted…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2026-04-10 Yi-Qian Qian , Yan Wang , Soumya D. Mohanty , Siyuan Chen

The stochastic gravitational-wave background is imprinted on the times of arrival of radio pulses from millisecond pulsars. Traditional pulsar timing analyses fit a timing model to each pulsar and search the residuals of the fit for a…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2023-11-13 William DeRocco , Jeff A. Dror

We present a detailed analysis of the International Pulsar Timing Array (IPTA) Second Mock Data Challenge. We tested our analysis methods using the open datasets, and then analyzed the closed datasets. In both the open and the closed…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2020-01-01 P. T. Baker , P. R. Brook , W. C. Fiore , N. Garver-Daniels , A. R. Kaiser , M. T. Lam , B. J. Shapiro-Albert , C. A. Witt

The black hole merging rates inferred after the gravitational-wave detection by Advanced LIGO/VIRGO and the relatively high mass of the progenitors are consistent with models of dark matter made of massive primordial black holes (PBH). PBH…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2018-05-30 Sebastien Clesse , Juan García-Bellido

Recent observations by pulsar timing arrays indicate the presence of gravitational wave signals, likely from supermassive black hole binaries. These binaries can produce two types of signals: a stochastic gravitational wave background (GWB)…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2025-02-12 Irene Ferranti , Golam Shaifullah , Aurelien Chalumeau , Alberto Sesana

We explore the potential of Pulsar Timing Arrays (PTAs) such as NANOGrav, EPTA, and PPTA to detect the Stochastic Gravitational Wave Background (SGWB) in theories of massive gravity. In General Relativity, the function describing the…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2021-10-27 Qiuyue Liang , Mark Trodden

Pulsar timing arrays (PTAs) have recently reported compelling evidence for the presence of a gravitational-wave background signal. Mapping the gravitational-wave background is key to understanding how it is formed, since anisotropy is a…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2026-01-21 Kathrin Grunthal , David J. Champion , Eric Thrane , Rowina S. Nathan , Michael Kramer , Matthew T. Miles

Pulsar timing arrays (PTAs) are designed to detect the predicted gravitational wave (GW) background produced by a cosmological population of supermassive black hole (SMBH) binaries. In this contribution I review the physics of such GW…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-16 A. Sesana

Pulsar timing arrays (PTA) have the promise to detect gravitational waves (GWs) from sources which are in a unique frequency range of 10^-9 - 10^-6 Hz. This in turn also provides an opportunity to test the theory of general relativity in…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2020-10-07 Adrian Boîtier , Shubhanshu Tiwari , Lionel Philippoz , Philippe Jetzer

Gravitational wave (GW) searches using pulsar timing arrays (PTAs) are commonly assumed to be limited to a GW frequency of $\lesssim 4\times 10^{-7}$Hz given by the Nyquist rate associated with the average observational cadence of $2$ weeks…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2025-04-01 Xuan Tao , Yan Wang , Soumya D. Mohanty

The collection of individually resolvable gravitational wave (GW) events makes up a tiny fraction of all GW signals which reach our detectors, while most lie below the confusion limit and go undetected. Like voices in a crowded room, the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2022-03-02 Arianna I. Renzini , Boris Goncharov , Alexander C. Jenkins , Pat M. Meyers

The first direct detection of gravitational waves may be made through observations of pulsars. The principal aim of pulsar timing array projects being carried out worldwide is to detect ultra-low frequency gravitational waves (f ~ 10^-9 to…

The steadily improving sensitivity of pulsar timing arrays (PTAs) suggests that gravitational waves (GWs) from supermassive black hole binary (SMBHB) systems in the nearby universe will be de- tectable sometime during the next decade.…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2014-03-07 Joseph Simon , Abigail Polin , Andrea Lommen , Ben Stappers , Lee Samuel Finn , F A Jenet , B Christy

The recent detection of a common-spectrum stochastic signal by multiple pulsar timing array (PTA) collaborations has provided tentative evidence for a nanohertz (nHz) stochastic gravitational-wave background (SGWB). This signal can be…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2026-01-22 Mohit Raj Sah , Suvodip Mukherjee

A successful measurement of the Stochastic Gravitational Wave Background (SGWB) in Pulsar Timing Arrays (PTAs) would open up a new window through which to test the predictions of General Relativity (GR). We consider how these measurements…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2025-05-29 Qiuyue Liang , Meng-Xiang Lin , Mark Trodden

Blue-tilted Gravitational Waves (BGWs) have been proposed as a potential candidate for the cosmic gravitational waves detected by Pulsar Timing Arrays (PTA). In the standard cosmological framework, BGWs are constrained in their frequency…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2025-05-09 Peter Athron , Marco Chianese , Satyabrata Datta , Rome Samanta , Ninetta Saviano