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A complete deterministic finite (semi)automaton (DFA) with a set of states $Q$ is \emph{completely reachable} if every nonempty subset of $Q$ is the image of the action of some word applied to $Q$. The concept of completely reachable…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2025-02-12 Robert Ferens , Marek Szykuła

Families of DFAs (FDFAs) have recently been introduced as a new representation of $\omega$-regular languages. They target ultimately periodic words, with acceptors revolving around accepting some representation $u\cdot v^\omega$. Three…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2023-07-17 Yong Li , Sven Schewe , Qiyi Tang

Hyper-minimization is a state reduction technique that allows a finite change in the semantics. The theory for hyper-minimization of deterministic weighted tree automata is provided. The presence of weights slightly complicates the…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2014-05-23 Andreas Maletti , Daniel Quernheim

Two languages are "finitely different" if their symmetric difference is finite. We consider the DFAs of finitely different regular languages and find major structural similarities. We proceed to consider the smallest DFAs that recognize a…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Andrew Badr , Ian Shipman

We present an efficient algorithm for checking language equivalence of states in top-down deterministic finite tree automata (DFTAs). Unlike string automata, tree automata operate over hierarchical structures, posing unique challenges for…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Zhibo Deng , Vladimir A. Zakharov

We study parallel algorithms for the minimization of Deterministic Finite Automata (DFAs). In particular, we implement four different massively parallel algorithms on Graphics Processing Units (GPUs). Our results confirm the expectations…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-10-31 Jan Martens , Anton Wijs

A word is called carefully synchronising for a partial deterministic finite semi-automaton if it maps all states to the same state. Equivalently, it is a composition of partial transformations equal to a constant total transformation. There…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2025-06-18 Andrew Ryzhikov

Determining the minimum number of states required by a finite automaton to separate a given pair of different words is an important problem. In this paper, we consider this problem for quantum automata (QFAs). We show that 2-state QFAs can…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2016-02-26 Aleksandrs Belovs , Juan Andres Montoya , Abuzer Yakaryılmaz

The concept of Deterministic Finite Cover Automata (DFCA) was introduced at WIA '98, as a more compact representation than Deterministic Finite Automata (DFA) for finite languages. In some cases representing a finite language,…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2014-05-23 Cezar Câmpeanu

Families of DFAs (FDFAs) provide an alternative formalism for recognizing $\omega$-regular languages. The motivation for introducing them was a desired correlation between the automaton states and right congruence relations, in a manner…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2023-06-22 Dana Angluin , Udi Boker , Dana Fisman

We consider the problem of minimising the number of states in a multiplicity tree automaton over the field of rational numbers. We give a minimisation algorithm that runs in polynomial time assuming unit-cost arithmetic. We also show that a…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2019-03-14 Stefan Kiefer , Ines Marusic , James Worrell

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated strong performance on formal language tasks, yet whether this reflects genuine symbolic reasoning or pattern matching on familiar constructions remains unclear. We introduce a benchmark for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Shlok Shelat , Jay Raval , Souvik Roy , Manas Gaur

Automata learning is a successful tool for many application domains such as robotics and automatic verification. Typically, automata learning techniques operate in a supervised learning setting (active or passive) where they learn a finite…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-25 Simon Lutz , Daniil Kaminskyi , Florian Wittbold , Simon Dierl , Falk Howar , Barbara König , Emmanuel Müller , Daniel Neider

Grammatical inference consists in learning a formal grammar as a finite state machine or as a set of rewrite rules. In this paper, we are concerned with inferring Nondeterministic Finite Automata (NFA) that must accept some words, and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-03-17 Tomasz Jastrzab , Frédéric Lardeux , Eric Monfroy

Sorting is a fundamental algorithmic pre-processing technique which often allows to represent data more compactly and, at the same time, speeds up search queries on it. In this paper, we focus on the well-studied problem of sorting and…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2023-04-24 Sung-Hwan Kim , Francisco Olivares , Nicola Prezza

This paper studies the complexity of operations on finite automata and the complexity of their decision problems when the alphabet is unary. Let $n$ denote the maximum of the number of states of the input finite automata considered in the…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2024-12-16 Wojciech Czerwiński , Maciej Dębski , Tomasz Gogasz , Gordon Hoi , Sanjay Jain , Michał Skrzypczak , Frank Stephan , Christopher Tan

We revisit the problem of computing the edit distance of a regular language given via an NFA. This problem relates to the inherent maximal error-detecting capability of the language in question. We present an efficient algorithm for solving…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2014-06-05 Lila Kari , Stavros Konstantinidis , Steffen Kopecki , Meng Yang

Deterministic finite automata (DFAs) are constructed for various purposes in computational biology. Little attention, however, has been given to the efficient construction of minimal DFAs. In this article, we define simple non-deterministic…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2010-12-10 Tobias Marschall

Minimizing the size of finite automata is a fundamental problem in theoretical computer science. Beyond standard minimization, further reductions can be achieved by decomposing an automaton into smaller components whose languages combine…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Mathias Berry , Pierre-Cyrille Héam , Ismaël Jecker

We present a language $L_n$ which is recognizable by a probabilistic finite automaton (PFA) with probability $1 - \epsilon$ for all $\epsilon > 0$ with $O(log^2n)$ states, with a deterministic finite automaton (DFA) with O(n) states, but a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Gatis Midrijanis