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Related papers: A Master Equation Approach to the `3 + 1' Dirac Eq…

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A c-number path integral representation is constructed for the solution of the Dirac equation. The integration is over the real trajectories in the continuous three-space and other two canonical pairs of compact variables controlling the…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2007-05-23 Janos Polonyi

We derive a new first-order formulation for Einstein's equations which involves fewer unknowns than other first-order formulations that have been proposed. The new formulation is based on the 3+1 decomposition with arbitrary lapse and…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2009-11-07 A. M. Alekseenko , D. N. Arnold

Dirac notation is widely used in quantum physics and quantum programming languages to define, compute and reason about quantum states. This paper considers Dirac notation from the perspective of automated reasoning. We prove two main…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2024-11-20 Yingte Xu , Gilles Barthe , Li Zhou

In this work, based on the $3+1$ decomposition in [24, 33], we present a fully exterior calculus breakdown of spacetime and Einstein's equations. Links to the orthonormal frame approach [38] are drawn to help understand the variables in…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-10-06 Todd A. Oliynyk , Jia Jia Qian

In this paper we describe a method of calculation of master integrals based on the solution of systems of difference equations in one variable. Various explicit examples are given, as well as the generalization to arbitrary diagrams.

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2007-05-23 S. Laporta

We obtain solutions of the (2 + 1) dimensional k deformed Dirac equation in the presence of crossed magnetic and electric fields. It is shown that the k deformed Landau levels are modified in the presence of the electric field. Contraction…

General Physics · Physics 2017-10-11 D. Nath , P. Roy

We derive the Cardano formula of cubic equations by completing the cube, and provide radical solutions to some algebraic equations of higher degree by completing powers. The main idea of completing powers arises from Harrison's center…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2024-03-14 Hua-Lin Huang , Shengyuan Ruan , Xiaodan Xu , Yu Ye

The 1+1 dimensional massive Dirac equation is solved exactly in light-cone coordinates for $x^+ > 0$ and $x^- > -L$, in the presence of an arbitrary $x^+$ dependent electric field. Our solution resolves the ambiguity at $p^+ = 0$. We also…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2009-11-07 T. N. Tomaras , N. C. Tsamis , R. P. Woodard

A new way for finding analytical solutions of the three-dimensional sine-Gordon equation is presented. The method is based on the established relation between the solutions of the three-dimensional wave equation and solutions of the…

Exactly Solvable and Integrable Systems · Physics 2009-09-17 Sergey G Artyshev

Numerical relativity is finally approaching a state where the evolution of rather general (3+1)-dimensional data sets can be computed in order to solve the Einstein equations. After a general introduction, three topics of current interest…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2017-09-27 Bernd Bruegmann

We study the Darboux transformation (DT) for Dirac equations with (1+1) potentials. Exact solutions for the adiabatic external field are constructed. The connection between the exactly soluble Dirac (1+1) potentials and the soliton…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2009-11-11 A. V. Yurov

This work is dedicated to the quantization of the light-front Yukawa model in D=1+3 dimensions with higher order derivatives of the scalar field. The problem of the computing Dirac brackets and the (anti-) commutator algebra of interacting…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2022-07-29 Jan Żochowski

The Dirac equation may be thought as originating from a theory of five-dimensional (5D) space-time. We define a special 5D Clifford algebra and introduce a spin-1/2 constraint equation to describe null propagation in a 5D space-time…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2020-07-22 Romulus Breban

The Cahn-Hilliard equation is related with a number of interesting physical phenomena like the spinodal decomposition, phase separation and phase ordering dynamics. On the other hand this equation is very stiff an the difficulty to solve it…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2009-11-10 E. V. L. de Mello , Otton Teixeira da Silveira Filho

The covariant chiral kinetic equation (CCKE) is derived from the 4-dimensional Wigner function by an improved perturbative method under the static equilibrium conditions. The chiral kinetic equation in 3-dimensions can be obtained by…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2017-07-19 Jian-hua Gao , Shi Pu , Qun Wang

The $3x+1$ Problem asks if whether for every natural number $n$, there exists a finite number of iterations of the piecewise function $$f(2n)=n, \quad f(2n-1)=6n-2, $$ with an iterate equal to the number $1$, or in other words, every…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2015-04-14 Jeffrey R. Goodwin

Not only the Dirac operator, but also the spinor bundle of a pseudo-Riemannian manifold depends on the underlying metric. This leads to technical difficulties in the study of problems where many metrics are involved, for instance in…

Differential Geometry · Mathematics 2016-12-21 Olaf Müller , Nikolai Nowaczyk

The 3x+ 1 problem concerns iteration of the map on the integers given by T(n) = (3n+1)/2 if n is odd; T(n) = n/2 if n is even. The 3x+1 Conjecture asserts that for every positive integer n > 1 the forward orbit of n under iteration by T…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2011-01-12 Jeffrey C. Lagarias

We consider the following inverse problem: Suppose a $(1+1)$-dimensional wave equation on $\mathbb{R}_+$ with zero initial conditions is excited with a Neumann boundary data modelled as a white noise process. Given also the Dirichlet data…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2026-01-19 Emilia L. K. Blåsten , Tapio Helin , Antti Kujanpää , Lauri Oksanen , Jesse Railo

We use 1+1 dimensional large N Gross-Neveu models as a laboratory to derive microscopically effective Lagrangians for positive energy fermions only. When applied to baryons, the Euler-Lagrange equation for these effective theories assumes…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2008-11-26 Felix Karbstein , Michael Thies