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Microswimmers, and among them aspirant microrobots, generally have to cope with flows where viscous forces are dominant, characterized by a low Reynolds number ($Re$). This implies constraints on the possible sequences of body motion, which…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2017-12-06 A. Djellouli , P. Marmottant , H. Djeridi , C. Quilliet , G. Coupier

Cells swimming in viscous fluids create flow fields which influence the transport of relevant nutrients, and therefore their feeding rate. We propose a modeling approach to the problem of optimal feeding at zero Reynolds number. We consider…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2011-10-19 Sébastien Michelin , Eric Lauga

In a classic paper, Edward Purcell analysed the dynamics of flagellated bacterial swimmers and derived a geometrical relationship which optimizes the propulsion efficiency. Experimental measurements for wild-type bacterial species E. coli…

Biological Physics · Physics 2020-01-08 Praneet Prakash , Amith Z. Abdulla , Varsha Singh , Manoj Varma

In this paper, we address a crucial point regarding the description of moderate to high Reynolds numbers aquatic swimmers. For decades, swimming animals have been classified in two different families of propulsive mechanisms based on the…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2017-10-03 Miguel Piñeirua , Ramiro Godoy-Diana , Benjamin Thiria

Fish swim with flexible fins that stand in stark contrast to the rigid propulsors of engineered vehicles. Using numerical simulations of the dynamics of flow-structure interaction, we have found that dorso-ventral deformation in flexible…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2026-04-16 Sushrut Kumar , Matthew J. McHenry , Jung-Hee Seo , Rajat Mittal

Using a flapping robot in a wind tunnel, we show that flapping faster amplifies existing longitudinal static stability (focusing on the pitch stiffness) and can even make an unstable flier stable. We show that stability for a flapper is not…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2026-04-28 Rónán Gissler , Kenneth S. Breuer

In a fluid environment, flagellated microswimmers propel themselves by rotating their flagella. The morphology of these flagella significantly influences forward speed, swimming efficiency, and directional stability, which are critical for…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2025-06-25 Baopi Liu , Lu Chen , Wenjun Xu

The optimal stiffness for soft swimming robots depends on swimming speed, which means no single stiffness can maximise efficiency in all swimming conditions. Tunable stiffness would produce an increased range of high-efficiency swimming…

Robotics · Computer Science 2022-11-28 Leo Micklem , Gabriel D. Weymouth , Blair Thornton

We study a swimming undulating sheet in the isotropic phase of an active nematic liquid crystal. Activity changes the effective shear viscosity, reducing it to zero at a critical value of activity. Expanding in the sheet amplitude, we find…

Soft Condensed Matter · Physics 2018-10-31 Harsh Soni , Robert A. Pelcovits , Thomas R. Powers

Scyphozoan jellyfish exhibit the highest locomotive efficiency in the animal kingdom making them of particular interest in fluid dynamics and bioinspired robotics. Despite this prevalent analytical models of jellyfish swimming have been…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2026-04-17 Noa K. Yoder , John O. Dabiri

Many species of fish, as well as biorobotic underwater vehicles, employ body caudal fin propulsion, in which a wave-like body motion culminates in high-amplitude caudal fin oscillations to generate thrust. This study uses high fidelity…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2026-03-03 Jung Hee Seo , Ji Zhou , Rajat Mittal

We analyse a simple 'Stokesian squirmer' model for the enhanced mixing due to swimming micro-organisms. The model is based on a calculation of Thiffeault & Childress [Physics Letters A, 374, 3487 (2010), arXiv:0911.5511], where fluid…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2013-09-24 Zhi Lin , Jean-Luc Thiffeault , Stephen Childress

Many microorganisms swim in a highly heterogeneous environment with obstacles such as fibers or polymers. To better understand how this environment affects microorganism swimming, we study propulsion of a cylinder or filament in a fluid…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2016-04-13 Nguyenho Ho , Karin Leiderman , Sarah D. Olson

Undulatory swimming is a widespread propulsion strategy adopted by many small-scale organisms including various single-cell eukaryotes and nematodes. In this work, we report a comprehensive study of undulatory locomotion of a finite…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2015-06-16 R. Berman , O. Kenneth , J. Sznitman , A. Leshansky

Actuating periodically an elastic filament in a viscous liquid generally breaks the constraints of Purcell's scallop theorem, resulting in the generation of a net propulsive force. This observation suggests a method to design simple…

Soft Condensed Matter · Physics 2009-09-29 Eric Lauga

We present new unconstrained simulations and constrained experiments of a pair of pitching hydrofoils in a leader-follower in-line arrangement. Free-swimming simulations of foils with $matched$ pitching amplitudes show self-organization…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2024-10-04 Tianjun Han , Amin Mivehchi , Seyedali Seyedmirzaei Sarraf , Keith W. Moored

The Scallop Theorem states that reciprocal methods of locomotion, such as jet propulsion or paddling, will not work in Stokes flow (Reynolds number = 0). In nature the effective limit of jet propulsion is still in the range where inertial…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2010-10-19 Gregory Herschlag , Laura A. Miller

Bio-inspired underwater vehicles could yield improved efficiency, maneuverability, and environmental compatibility over conventional propeller-driven underwater vehicles. However, to realize the swimming performance of biology, there is a…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-04-16 Kevin Soto , Isabel Hess , Brandon Schrader , Shan He , Patrick Musgrave

We study a linear inviscid model of a passively flexible swimmer with distributed flexibility, calculating its propulsive performance and optimal distributions of flexibility. The frequencies of actuation and mean stiffness ratios we…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2020-02-26 Daniel Floryan , Clarence W. Rowley

The flow field created by swimming microorganisms not only enables their locomotion but also leads to advective transport of nutrients. In this paper we address analytically and computationally the link between unsteady feeding and unsteady…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2013-01-11 Sebastien Michelin , Eric Lauga