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Learning reward functions for physical skills are challenging due to the vast spectrum of skills, the high-dimensionality of state and action space, and nuanced sensory feedback. The complexity of these tasks makes acquiring expert…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Yuwei Zeng , Yiqing Xu

We explore a method for improving the performance of large language models through self-reflection and reinforcement learning. By incentivizing the model to generate better self-reflections when it answers incorrectly, we demonstrate that a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Shelly Bensal , Umar Jamil , Christopher Bryant , Melisa Russak , Kiran Kamble , Dmytro Mozolevskyi , Muayad Ali , Waseem AlShikh

Educational interventions are effective tools for enhancing student learning. While Large Language Models (LLMs) allow for generating adaptive feedback at scale, current studies lack clear methodologies for providing Just-in-Time (JiT)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Younghun Lee , Amir Bralin , Nobel Sanjay Rebello , Dan Goldwasser

Developing expert-like problem-solving skills is a central goal of undergraduate physics education. In this study, we investigate the impact of teaching explicit problem-solving frameworks, combined with deliberate practice, on students'…

Physics Education · Physics 2025-08-12 Kelly Miller , Olivia Miller , Georgia Lawrence

We present the approach underlying a course on "Domain-Specific Languages of Mathematics", currently being developed at Chalmers in response to difficulties faced by third-year students in learning and applying classical mathematics (mainly…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2016-11-30 Cezar Ionescu , Patrik Jansson

Algebraic characterizations of the computational aspects of functions defined over the real numbers provide very effective tool to understand what computability and complexity over the reals, and generally over continuous spaces, mean. This…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2016-09-27 Olivier Bournez , Walid Gomaa , Emmanuel Hainry

Providing accurate/suitable information on behaviors in sma\-rt environments is a challenging and crucial task in pervasive computing where context-awareness and pro-activity are of fundamental importance. Behavioral identifications enable…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2016-01-21 Radoslaw Klimek

We introduce Language Feedback Models (LFMs) that identify desirable behaviour - actions that help achieve tasks specified in the instruction - for imitation learning in instruction following. To train LFMs, we obtain feedback from Large…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-11 Victor Zhong , Dipendra Misra , Xingdi Yuan , Marc-Alexandre Côté

A close look at students' written work on examinations offers a wealth of information about their performance, their knowledge of the subject, their strengths, weaknesses and misconceptions, and their overall level of mathematical skills…

History and Overview · Mathematics 2013-05-23 Radoslav M. Dimitrić

Correctness is one of the more important criteria of qualitative software. However, it is often taught in isolation and most students consider it only as an afterthought. They also do not receive sufficient feedback on code quality and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-12-03 Steffen Dick , Christoph Bockisch , Harrie Passier , Lex Bijlsma , Ruurd Kuiper

Computer aided formative assessment can be used to enhance a learning process, for instance by providing feedback. There are many design choices for delivering feedback, that lead to a feedback strategy. In an informative feedback strategy,…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Gerben van der Hoek , Bastiaan Heeren , Rogier Bos , Paul Drijvers , Johan Jeuring

Recent works have demonstrated that incorporating search during inference can significantly improve reasoning capabilities of language agents. Some approaches may make use of the ground truth or rely on model's own generated feedback. The…

While there is evidence that user-adaptive support can greatly enhance the effectiveness of educational systems, designing such support for exploratory learning environments (e.g., simulations) is still challenging due to the open-ended…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-06-15 Sébastien Lallé , Cristina Conati

Feedback is one of the most crucial components to facilitate effective learning. With the rise of large language models (LLMs) in recent years, research in programming education has increasingly focused on automated feedback generation to…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-09-05 Niklas Scholz , Manh Hung Nguyen , Adish Singla , Tomohiro Nagashima

Designing reward functions for efficiently guiding reinforcement learning (RL) agents toward specific behaviors is a complex task. This is challenging since it requires the identification of reward structures that are not sparse and that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-01 Dhawal Gupta , Yash Chandak , Scott M. Jordan , Philip S. Thomas , Bruno Castro da Silva

Robots need to be able to adapt to unexpected changes in the environment such that they can autonomously succeed in their tasks. However, hand-designing feedback models for adaptation is tedious, if at all possible, making data-driven…

Large language models (LLMs) process and predict sequences containing text to answer questions, and address tasks including document summarization, providing recommendations, writing software and solving quantitative problems. We provide a…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2026-02-02 Ricardo Baptista , Andrew Stuart , Son Tran

Despite large incentives, ecorrectness in software remains an elusive goal. Declarative programming techniques, where algorithms are derived from a specification of the desired behavior, offer hope to address this problem, since there is a…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2018-01-22 Anthony Di Franco

The correct specification of reward models is a well-known challenge in reinforcement learning. Hand-crafted reward functions often lead to inefficient or suboptimal policies and may not be aligned with user values. Reinforcement learning…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-24 Muhan Lin , Shuyang Shi , Yue Guo , Behdad Chalaki , Vaishnav Tadiparthi , Ehsan Moradi Pari , Simon Stepputtis , Joseph Campbell , Katia Sycara

Recent language models achieve impressive results in tasks involving complex multistep reasoning, but scaling these capabilities further traditionally requires expensive collection of more annotated data. In this work, we explore the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-25 Marek Kadlčík , Michal Štefánik