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The Johnson-Lindenstrauss lemma allows dimension reduction on real vectors with low distortion on their pairwise Euclidean distances. This result is often used in algorithms such as $k$-means or $k$ nearest neighbours since they only use…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2015-07-06 Ky Vu , Pierre-Louis Poirion , Leo Liberti

The Johnson-Lindenstrauss Lemma allows for the projection of $n$ points in $p-$dimensional Euclidean space onto a $k-$dimensional Euclidean space, with $k \ge \frac{24\ln \emph{n}}{3\epsilon^2-2\epsilon^3}$, so that the pairwise distances…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2010-05-11 Javier Rojo , Tuan Nguyen

The Johnson-Lindenstrauss (JL) lemma is a cornerstone of dimensionality reduction in Euclidean space, but its applicability to non-Euclidean data has remained limited. This paper extends the JL lemma beyond Euclidean geometry to handle…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Chengyuan Deng , Jie Gao , Kevin Lu , Feng Luo , Cheng Xin

In 1984, Johnson and Lindenstrauss proved that any finite set of data in a high-dimensional space can be projected to a lower-dimensional space while preserving the pairwise Euclidean distance between points up to a bounded relative error.…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2018-03-15 Michael Burr , Shuhong Gao , Fiona Knoll

The Johnson-Lindenstrauss transform is a fundamental method for dimension reduction in Euclidean spaces, that can map any dataset of $n$ points into dimension $O(\log n)$ with low distortion of their distances. This dimension bound is tight…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2026-02-20 Shaofeng H. -C. Jiang , Robert Krauthgamer , Shay Sapir , Sandeep Silwal , Di Yue

For a set $X$ of $N$ points in $\mathbb{R}^D$, the Johnson-Lindenstrauss lemma provides random linear maps that approximately preserve all pairwise distances in $X$ -- up to multiplicative error $(1\pm \epsilon)$ with high probability --…

Probability · Mathematics 2023-07-18 Michael P. Casey

The Johnson-Lindenstrauss Lemma states that there exist linear maps that project a set of points of a vector space into a space of much lower dimension such that the Euclidean distance between these points is approximately preserved. This…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-01-18 Pierre-Louis Poirion , Bruno F. Lourenço , Akiko Takeda

Let $\varepsilon\in(0,1)$ and $X\subset\mathbb R^d$ be arbitrary with $|X|$ having size $n>1$. The Johnson-Lindenstrauss lemma states there exists $f:X\rightarrow\mathbb R^m$ with $m = O(\varepsilon^{-2}\log n)$ such that $$ \forall x\in X\…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2018-10-23 Shyam Narayanan , Jelani Nelson

Probabilistic proofs of the Johnson-Lindenstrauss lemma imply that random projection can reduce the dimension of a data set and approximately preserve pairwise distances. If a distance being approximately preserved is called a success, and…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2024-07-15 Jason Bernstein , Alec M. Dunton , Benjamin W. Priest

For any $n>1$ and $0<\varepsilon<1/2$, we show the existence of an $n^{O(1)}$-point subset $X$ of $\mathbb{R}^n$ such that any linear map from $(X,\ell_2)$ to $\ell_2^m$ with distortion at most $1+\varepsilon$ must have $m = \Omega(\min\{n,…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2014-11-11 Kasper Green Larsen , Jelani Nelson

The Johnson-Lindenstrauss (JL) lemma is a fundamental result in dimensionality reduction, ensuring that any finite set $X \subseteq \mathbb{R}^d$ can be embedded into a lower-dimensional space $\mathbb{R}^k$ while approximately preserving…

Probability · Mathematics 2025-10-30 Rafael Chiclana , Mark Iwen

The Johnson-Lindenstrauss transform allows one to embed a dataset of $n$ points in $\mathbb{R}^d$ into $\mathbb{R}^m,$ while preserving the pairwise distance between any pair of points up to a factor $(1 \pm \varepsilon)$, provided that $m…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2022-07-08 Ora Nova Fandina , Mikael Møller Høgsgaard , Kasper Green Larsen

We study the problem of representing all distances between $n$ points in $\mathbb R^d$, with arbitrarily small distortion, using as few bits as possible. We give asymptotically tight bounds for this problem, for Euclidean metrics, for…

Computational Geometry · Computer Science 2021-10-08 Piotr Indyk , Tal Wagner

Let $X$ be a normed space that satisfies the Johnson-Lindenstrauss lemma (J-L lemma, in short) in the sense that for any integer $n$ and any $x_1,\ldots,x_n\in X$ there exists a linear mapping $L:X\to F$, where $F\subseteq X$ is a linear…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2008-07-29 William B. Johnson , Assaf Naor

The weighted Euclidean norm $\|x\|_w$ of a vector $x\in \mathbb{R}^d$ with weights $w\in \mathbb{R}^d$ is the Euclidean norm where the contribution of each dimension is scaled by a given weight. Approaches to dimensionality reduction that…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2026-03-23 Simone Moretti , Paolo Pellizzoni , Francesco Silvestri

In this paper we make a novel use of the Johnson-Lindenstrauss Lemma. The Lemma has an existential form saying that there exists a JL transformation $f$ of the data points into lower dimensional space such that all of them fall into…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2017-11-10 Mieczysław A. Kłopotek

The Johnson-Lindenstrauss lemma is one of the corner stone results in dimensionality reduction. It says that given $N$, for any set of $N$ vectors $X \subset \mathbb{R}^n$, there exists a mapping $f : X \to \mathbb{R}^m$ such that $f(X)$…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2017-11-09 Casper Benjamin Freksen , Kasper Green Larsen

The famous Johnson-Lindenstrauss lemma states that for any set of n vectors, there is a linear transformation into a space of dimension O(log n) that approximately preserves all their lengths. In fact, a Haar random unitary transformation…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-07-25 Pranab Sen

The $l_2$ flattening lemma of Johnson and Lindenstrauss [JL84] is a powerful tool for dimension reduction. It has been conjectured that the target dimension bounds can be refined and bounded in terms of the intrinsic dimensionality of the…

Computational Geometry · Computer Science 2015-06-09 Lee-Ad Gottlieb , Robert Krauthgamer

Statistical distance measures have found wide applicability in information retrieval tasks that typically involve high dimensional datasets. In order to reduce the storage space and ensure efficient performance of queries, dimensionality…

Computational Geometry · Computer Science 2010-03-09 Arnab Bhattacharya , Purushottam Kar , Manjish Pal
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