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Logics with team semantics provide alternative means for logical characterization of complexity classes. Both dependence and independence logic are known to capture non-deterministic polynomial time, and the frontiers of tractability in…
A hallmark of human intelligence is the ability to construct self-contained chunks of knowledge and adequately reuse them in novel combinations for solving different yet structurally related problems. Learning such compositional structures…
We introduce algorithmic information theory, also known as the theory of Kolmogorov complexity. We explain the main concepts of this quantitative approach to defining `information'. We discuss the extent to which Kolmogorov's and Shannon's…
The (prefix-free) Kolmogorov complexity of a finite binary string is the length of the shortest description of the string. This gives rise to some `standard' lowness notions for reals: A is K-trivial if its initial segments have the lowest…
Complexity is a fundamental characteristic of states within a quantum system. Its use is however mostly limited to bosonic systems, inhibiting its present applicability to supersymmetric theories. This is also relevant to its application to…
Results of computational complexity exist for a wide range of phrase structure-based grammar formalisms, while there is an apparent lack of such results for dependency-based formalisms. We here adapt a result on the complexity of…
We describe a mathematical language for determining all possible patterns of contextuality in the dependence of stochastic outputs of a system on its deterministic inputs. The central notion is that of all possible couplings for…
We study the computably enumerable sets in terms of the: (a) Kolmogorov complexity of their initial segments; (b) Kolmogorov complexity of finite programs when they are used as oracles. We present an extended discussion of the existing…
Compositional generalization tests are often used to estimate the compositionality of LLMs. However, such tests have the following limitations: (1) they only focus on the output results without considering LLMs' understanding of sample…
In this monograph, we study complexity classes that are defined using $O(\log n)$-space bounded non-deterministic Turing machines. We prove salient results of Computational Complexity in this topic such as the Immerman-Szelepcsenyi Theorem,…
We study the complexity of locally checkable labeling (LCL) problems on $\mathbb{Z}^n$ from the point of view of descriptive set theory, computability theory, and factors of i.i.d. Our results separate various complexity classes that were…
The log-rank conjecture in communication complexity suggests that the deterministic communication complexity of any Boolean rank-r function is bounded by polylog(r). Recently, major progress was made by Lovett who proved that the…
We establish tight bounds on the amount on nonuniformity that is necessary for extracting a string with randomness rate 1 from a single source of randomness with lower randomness rate. More precisely, as instantiations of more general…
In Part I, we extend our analysis in [arXiv:0807.1107], and show that a mathematically conjectured geometric Langlands duality for complex surfaces in [1], and its generalizations -- which relate some cohomology of the moduli space of…
Complex applications such as big data analytics involve different forms of coupling relationships that reflect interactions between factors related to technical, business (domain-specific) and environmental (including socio-cultural and…
String complexity is defined as the cardinality of a set of all distinct words (factors) of a given string. For two strings, we introduce the joint string complexity as the cardinality of a set of words that are common to both strings.…
This paper presents a study of the inherent structural properties of Krylov subspaces, in particular for the self-adjoint class of operators, and how they relate with the important phenomenon of `Krylov solvability' of linear inverse…
This paper concerns $\mu$-limit sets of cellular automata: sets of configurations made of words whose probability to appear does not vanish with time, starting from an initial $\mu$-random configuration. More precisely, we investigate the…
In this article we undertake a study of extension complexity from the perspective of formal languages. We define a natural way to associate a family of polytopes with binary languages. This allows us to define the notion of extension…
We study the problem of fitting ontologies and constraints to positive and negative examples that take the form of a finite relational structure. As ontology and constraint languages, we consider the description logics $\mathcal{E\mkern-2mu…