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Clinical trials are pivotal in the drug discovery process to determine the safety and efficacy of a drug candidate. The high failure rates of these trials are attributed to deficiencies in clinical model development and protocol design.…

This manuscript introduces an \proglang{R} package called \pkg{trialr} that implements a collection of clinical trial methods in \proglang{Stan} and \proglang{R}. In this article, we explore three methods in detail. The first is the…

Computation · Statistics 2019-07-02 Kristian Brock

One of the main goals of mathematical modeling in systems medicine related to medical applications is to obtain patient-specific parameterizations and model predictions. In clinical practice, however, the number of available measurements…

Methodology · Statistics 2017-06-22 Ilja Klebanov , Alexander Sikorski , Christof Schütte , Susanna Röblitz

Most Bayesian response-adaptive designs unbalance randomization rates towards the most promising arms with the goal of increasing the number of positive treatment outcomes during the study, even though the primary aim of the trial is…

Applications · Statistics 2018-07-02 Steffen Ventz , Matteo Cellamare , Sergio Bacallado , Lorenzo Trippa

Pilot feasibility studies play a pivotal role in the development of clinical trials for rare diseases, where small populations and slow recruitment often threaten trial viability. While such studies are commonly used to assess operational…

Applications · Statistics 2025-07-15 Lara Maleyeff , Valérie Leclair , Shirin Golchi , Marie Hudson

Model-assisted designs have garnered significant attention in recent years due to their high accuracy in identifying the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and their operational simplicity. To identify the MTD, they employ estimated dose limiting…

Applications · Statistics 2025-08-19 Rentaro Wakayama , Tomotaka Momozaki , Shuji Ando

We propose a Bayesian optimal phase 2 design for jointly monitoring efficacy and toxicity, referred to as BOP2-TE, to improve the operating characteristics of the BOP2 design proposed by Zhou et al. (2017). BOP2-TE utilizes a…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-08-13 Kai Chen , Heng Zhou , J. Jack Lee , Ying Yuan

Here we introduce a new design framework for synthetic biology that exploits the advantages of Bayesian model selection. We will argue that the difference between inference and design is that in the former we try to reconstruct the system…

Molecular Networks · Quantitative Biology 2015-05-27 Chris Barnes , Daniel Silk , Xia Sheng , Michael P. H. Stumpf

Dose-finding trials for oncology studies are traditionally designed to assess safety in the early stages of drug development. With the rise of molecularly targeted therapies and immuno-oncology compounds, biomarker-driven approaches have…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-09-15 Xijin Chen , Pavel Mozgunov , Richard D. Baird , Thomas Jaki

FDA's Project Optimus initiative for oncology drug development emphasizes selecting a dose that optimizes both efficacy and safety. When an inferentially adaptive Phase 2/3 design with dose selection is implemented to comply with the…

Applications · Statistics 2024-12-12 Cong Chen , Mo Huang , Xuekui Zhang

An important goal of precision medicine is to personalize medical treatment by identifying individuals who are most likely to benefit from a specific treatment. The Likely Responder (LR) framework, which identifies a subpopulation where…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-03-13 Annan Deng , Carole Siegel , Hyung G. Park

Medical research has evolved conventions for choosing sample size in randomized clinical trials that rest on the theory of hypothesis testing. Bayesians have argued that trials should be designed to maximize subjective expected utility in…

Methodology · Statistics 2018-12-11 Charles F. Manski , Aleksey Tetenov

An unprecedented number of new cancer targets are in development, and most are being developed in combination therapies. Early oncology development is strategically challenged in choosing the best combinations to move forward to late stage…

Applications · Statistics 2021-01-08 Linda Z. Sun , Cai , Wu , Xiaoyun , Li , Cong Chen , Emmett V. Schmidt

Background: Advanced adaptive randomised clinical trials are increasingly used. Compared to their conventional counterparts, their flexibility may make them more efficient, increase the probability of obtaining conclusive results without…

Background: Drug development is often inefficient, costly and lengthy, yet it is essential for evaluating the safety and efficacy of new interventions. Compared with other disease areas, this is particularly true for Phase II / III cancer…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-05-13 Abigail Burdon , Thomas Jaki , Xijin Chen , Pavel Mozgunov , Haiyan Zheng , Richard Baird

When confronted with an undesired cell population, such as bacterial infections or tumors, we seek the most effective treatment, designed to eliminate the population as rapidly as possible. A common practice is to monitor the cells…

Biological Physics · Physics 2025-01-23 Uzi Harush , Ravid Straussman , Baruch Barzel

It is generally appreciated that a frequentist analysis of a group sequential trial must in order to avoid inflating type I error account for the fact that one or more interim analyses were performed. It is also to a lesser extent realised…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-12-12 Simon Bang Kristensen , Erik Thorlund Parner

Count outcomes in longitudinal studies are frequent in clinical and engineering studies. In frequentist and Bayesian statistical analysis, methods such as Mixed linear models allow the variability or correlation within individuals to be…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-07-15 Alejandra Estefanía Patiño Hoyos , Johnatan Cardona Jiménez

Identifying subgroups, which respond differently to a treatment, both in terms of efficacy and safety, is an important part of drug development. A well-known challenge in exploratory subgroup analyses is the small sample size in the…

Computation · Statistics 2016-06-28 Marius Thomas , Björn Bornkamp

Early phase, personalized dose-finding trials for combination therapies seek to identify patient-specific optimal biological dose (OBD) combinations, which are defined as safe dose combinations which maximize therapeutic benefit for a…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-04-18 James Willard , Shirin Golchi , Erica EM Moodie