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This chapter provides an overview of past and present techniques for optical detection of galaxy clusters. It follows the progression of cluster detection techniques through time, allowing readers to understand the development of the field…
The classification of galaxies as spirals or ellipticals is a crucial task in understanding their formation and evolution. With the arrival of large-scale astronomical surveys, such as the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS), astronomers now…
We provide a brief summary of the history of galaxy structure studies. We also introduce several large-scale redshift surveys and summarize the most commonly used methods to identify the groups and clusters of galaxies. We present several…
Strong Lensing is a powerful probe of the matter distribution in galaxies and clusters and a relevant tool for cosmography. Analyses of strong gravitational lenses with Deep Learning have become a popular approach due to these astronomical…
Galaxy groups are essential for studying the distribution of matter on a large scale in redshift surveys and for deciphering the link between galaxy traits and their associated halos. In this work, we propose a widely applicable method for…
The problem of automated separation of stars and galaxies on photographic plates is revisited with two goals in mind : First, to separate galaxies from everything else (as opposed to most previous work, in which galaxies were lumped…
It is possible to borrow from a topic of biology called phylogenetic systematics, concepts and tools for a logical and objective classification of galaxies. It is based on observable properties of objects - characters - either qualitative…
In these three lectures a review is provided of the properties of galaxy systems as determined from optical and infrared measurements. Covered topics are: clusters identification, global cluster properties and their scaling relations,…
Machine learning techniques offer a precious tool box for use within astronomy to solve problems involving so-called big data. They provide a means to make accurate predictions about a particular system without prior knowledge of the…
We present a method to estimate the lensing potential from massive galaxy clusters for given observational X-ray data. The concepts developed and applied in this work can easily be combined with other techniques to infer the lensing…
Gravitational lensing has now become a popular tool to measure the mass distribution of structures in the Universe on various scales. Here we focus on the study of galaxy's scale dark matter halos with galaxy-galaxy lensing techniques:…
Multiple images, giant arcs, Einstein cross, fold, cusp, lip, caustics, critical lines, sources, mapping, time delay, arclets, weak shear, magnification bias, depletion, ellipticities, polarization, smearing, convergence, kernel, mass…
We present an algorithm developed particularly to detect gravitationally lensed arcs in clusters of galaxies. This algorithm is suited for automated surveys as well as individual arc detections. New methods are used for image smoothing and…
Building a comprehensive catalog of galaxy clusters is a fundamental task for the studies on the structure formation and galaxy evolution. In this paper, we present COSMIC (Cluster Optical Search using Machine Intelligence in Catalogs), an…
The morphology of a galaxy has been shown to encode the evolutionary history and correlates strongly with physical properties such as stellar mass, star formation rates and past merger events. While the majority of galaxies in the local…
We present a new algorithm to search for distant clusters of galaxies on catalogues deriving from imaging data, as those of the ESO Imaging Survey. Our algorithm is a matched filter one, similar to that adopted by Postman et al. (1996),…
Reconstructing a complete object from its parts is a fundamental problem in many scientific domains. The purpose of this article is to provide a systematic survey on this topic. The reassembly problem requires understanding the attributes…
Galaxy clusters are the largest structures in Universe. They are very important as both cosmological probes and astrophysical laboratories. Several methods have been developed to detect galaxy clusters with different techniques (optical,…
The majority of galaxy group catalogues available in the literature use the popular friends-of-friends algorithm which links galaxies using a linking length. One potential drawback to this approach is that clusters of point can be link with…
Three methods for detecting and characterizing structure in point data, such as that generated by redshift surveys, are described: classification using self-organizing maps, segmentation using Bayesian blocks, and density estimation using…