Related papers: Anthropic Argument for Three Generations
We follow the time sequence of binary elastic collisions in a small collection of hard-core particles. Intervals between the collisions are characterized by the numbers of collisions of different pairs in a given time. It was shown…
The flavor structure of quarks and leptons is not yet fully understood, but it hints a more fundamental theory of non-universal generations. We therefore propose a simple extension of the Standard Model by flipping (i.e., enlarging) the…
In most supersymmetric models the stability of the proton is ensured by invoking R-parity. A necessary ingredient to enforce R-parity is the possibility of distinguishing the lepton superfields from the Higgs ones. This is generally…
A thought experiment is described and the probability of a particular type of results is predicted according to the quantum formalism. Then, the assumption is made that there exists a particle that travels from the source to one of the…
The Great Filter hypothesis is an extension of the Fermi Paradox: "If life is so common in the universe, why don't we see it?" The Great Filter theory posits there are multiple obstacles or filters life must pass through which ultimately…
For a brief time in its early evolution the Universe was a cosmic nuclear reactor. The expansion and cooling of the Universe limited this epoch to the first few minutes, allowing time for the synthesis in astrophysically interesting…
I consider selected (most important according to my own choice) unsolved problems in particle theory, both those related to extensions of the Standard Model (neutrino oscillations, which probably do not fit the usual three-generation…
Understanding why we age is a long-lived open problem in evolutionary biology. Aging is prejudicial to the individual and evolutionary forces should prevent it, but many species show signs of senescence as individuals age. Here, I will…
We revisit our 2013 claim [arXiv:1303.7476] that the Universe is the result of a conspiratorial plot, and find that it cannot be trusted, because even the belief in this conspiracy likely results from a conspiracy. On the basis of…
Biological evolution depends on the passing down to subsequent generations of genetic information encoding beneficial traits, and on the removal of unfit individuals by a selection mechanism. However, selection acts on phenotypes, and is…
This paper is concerned with a way of thinking about the standard model that explains the existence of three fermion families and the value of the fine structure constant. The main idea is that the ultraviolet divergences that we encounter…
We propose a new description of 3d $\mathcal{N}=2$ theories which do not admit conventional Lagrangians. Given a quiver $Q$ and a mutation sequence $m$ on it, we define a 3d $\mathcal{N}=2$ theory $\mathcal{T}[(Q,m)]$ in such a way that the…
The properties of elementary particles and their interactions at different stages of the evolution of the Universe, starting with the Planck energy $ 10 ^{19} $ GeV, are presented. We assume that the Standard Model gauge group becomes…
We study two 3-3-1 models with i) five (four) charge 2/3 ($-1/3$) quarks and, ii) four (five) charge 2/3 ($-1/3$) quarks and a vector-like third generation. Possibilities beyond these models are also briefly considered.
Since Newton, all classical and quantum physics depends upon the "Newtonian Paradigm". Here the relevant variables of the system are identified. The boundary conditions creating the phase space of all possible values of the variables are…
Generating molecules, both in a directed and undirected fashion, is a huge part of the drug discovery pipeline. Genetic algorithms (GAs) generate molecules by randomly modifying known molecules. In this paper we show that GAs are very…
Here we deconstruct, and then in a reasoned way reconstruct, the concept of "entropy of a system," paying particular attention to where the randomness may be coming from. We start with the core concept of entropy as a COUNT associated with…
For a given permutation or set partition there is a natural way to assign a genus. Counting all permutations or partitions of a fixed genus according to cycle lengths or block sizes, respectively, is the main content of this article. After…
Previous critiques of the Drake Equation have highlighted its deterministic nature, implying that the number of civilizations is the same at all times. Here, I build upon earlier work and present a stochastic formulation. The birth of…
In a deterministic or random tree, a notion of ancestral diversity can be defined as follows. Sample independently $n$ groups of $k$ leaves and count the number $N_n(k)$ of distinct most recent common ancestors of each of the groups. As $n$…