Related papers: Anthropic Argument for Three Generations
The Born rule may be stated mathematically as the rule that probabilities in quantum theory are expectation values of a complete orthogonal set of projection operators. This rule works for single laboratory settings in which the observer…
We calculate the probability distribution of repetitions of ancestors in a genealogical tree for simple neutral models of a closed population with sexual reproduction and non-overlapping generations. Each ancestor at generation g in the…
The three chiral generations of quarks and leptons may be generated through a spontaneous breakdown of the noncompact horizontal gauge symmetry $G_{H}$ which governs, together with the standard gauge symmetry ${SU(3) \times SU(2) \times…
An algebraic representation of three generations of fermions with $SU(3)_C$ color symmetry based on the Cayley-Dickson algebra of sedenions $\mathbb{S}$ is constructed. Recent constructions based on division algebras convincingly describe a…
According to the Born rule, the probability density in quantum theory is determined by the square of the wave function. A generally accepted derivation of this rule has not yet been proposed. In the given work, a simple physical picture is…
Under mild non-degeneracy assumptions on branching rates in each generation, we provide a criterion for almost-sure extinction of a multi-type branching process with time-dependent branching rates. We also provide a criterion for the total…
The ``preon-trinity'' model for the compositeness of leptons, quarks and heavy vector bosons predicts several new heavy leptons and quarks. Three of them can be produced in $e^{+}e^{-}$ annihilations at CERN LEP energies, since they can be…
We study Higgs boson properties in a model where three fermionic families of the Standard Model arise from a single generation in (5+1) dimensions. We demonstrate that, in spite of a non-trivial background, properties of the…
Leptoquarks (LQs) are hypothetical particles that appear in various extensions of the Standard Model (SM) that can explain observed differences between SM theory predictions and experimental results. The production of these particles has…
Unlike most other laws of nature, the second law of thermodynamics is of a statistical nature, according to Boltzmann, meaning that its reliability arises from the vast number of particles present in macroscopic systems. This means that…
We develop an approach to the origin of three generations of the Standard Model fermions from one generation in a higher-dimensional theory, where four-dimensional fermions appear as zero modes trapped in the core of a topological defect,…
A good feature representation is a determinant factor to achieve high performance for many machine learning algorithms in terms of classification. This is especially true for techniques that do not build complex internal representations of…
We explore the recently proposed gauge symmetry \( SU(3)_C \otimes SU(3)_L \otimes SU(3)_R \otimes U(1)_X \), which naturally embeds both the Left-Right symmetric model and the 3-3-1 model as subgroups. Within this unified framework, we…
We want to understand global observable consequences of different physical processes and initial properties on the demographics of the planetary population. We use the Generation III Bern model to perform planetary population synthesis. We…
The transition from the quantum to the classical is governed by randomizing devices (RD), i.e., dynamical systems that are very sensitive to the environment. We show that, in the presence of RDs, the usual arguments based on the linearity…
We suggest that the Standard Model may undergo a supercritical transition near the Landau scale, where the U(1) gauge boson couples to the left and right handed states of any given fermion with different charges. This scenario naturally…
We introduce a population dynamics model, where individual genomes are represented by bit-strings. Selection is described by death probabilities which depend on these genomes, and new individuals continuously replace the ones that die,…
Population genetics lies at the heart of evolutionary theory. This topic forms part of many biological science curricula but is rarely taught to physics students. Since physicists are becoming increasingly interested in biological…
The paradigm of Next Token Prediction (NTP) has driven the unprecedented success of Large Language Models (LLMs), but is also the source of their most persistent weaknesses such as poor long-term planning, error accumulation, and…
We consider weighted particle systems in which new generations are re-sampled from current particles with probabilities proportional to their weights. This covers a broad class of sequential Monte Carlo methods, widely used in applied…