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Programmable money, enabled by digital currencies, facilitates outcomes beyond simple payments by allowing users to attach conditions to the movement of funds through code. However, there is a lack of clarity on defining programmable money,…
Since the advent of mobile devices, both end-users and the IT industry have been longing for direct device-to-device (D2D) communication capabilities, expecting new kinds of interactive, personalized, and collaborative services. Fifteen…
Electronic government (e-government) uses information and communication technologies to deliver public services to individuals and organisations effectively, efficiently and transparently. E-government is one of the most complex systems…
Digitisation is often viewed as beneficial to a user. Whereas traditionally, people would physically have to identify to a service, pay for a ticket in cash, or go into a library to access a book, people can now achieve all of this through…
Blockchain technology is an interlinked systematic chain of blocks that contains transaction history and other user data. It works under the principle of decentralized distributed digital ledger. This technology enables cryptographically…
Mobile payment systems are increasingly used to simplify the way in which money transfers and transactions can be performed. We argue that, to achieve their full potential as economic boosters in developing countries, mobile payment systems…
A cryptocurrency is a decentralized digital currency that is designed for secure and private asset transfer and storage. As a currency, it should be difficult to counterfeit and double-spend. In this paper, we review and analyze the major…
The blockchain technology empowers secure, trustless, and privacy-preserving trading with cryptocurrencies. However, existing blockchain-based trading platforms only support trading cryptocurrencies with digital assets (e.g., NFTs).…
In the modern, fast-moving world of e-commerce, many Android apps face challenges in providing a simple and secure shopping experience. Many of these apps, often enough, have complicated designs that prevent users from finding what they…
With the recent hype around the Metaverse and NFTs, Web3 is getting more and more popular. The goal of Web3 is to decentralize the web via decentralized applications. Wallets play a crucial role as they act as an interface between these…
Inspired by Bitcoin, many different kinds of cryptocurrencies based on blockchain technology have turned up on the market. Due to the special structure of the blockchain, it has been deemed impossible to directly trade between traditional…
Personal authentication is an important process we encounter almost every day; when we are logging on a computer, entering a company where we work, or a restricted area, when we are using our plastic credit cards to pay for a service or to…
Blockchain is a decentralized system that allows transaction transmission and storage according to the roles of the Consensus algorithm and Smart contracts. Non-fungible tokens (NFTs) consolidate the best characteristics of blockchain…
Digital payment schemes show an ever increasing importance. Out of the countless different schemes available this article focuses on the popular Bitcoin system. The authors provide a description of Bitcoin's unique technological basis and…
A movement for a more transparent and decentralized Internet is globally attracting more attention. People are becoming more privacy-aware of their online identities and data. The Internet is constantly evolving. Web2 focused on companies…
Blockchain solutions typically assume a synchronous network to ensure consistency and achieve consensus. In contrast, offline transaction systems aim to enable users to agree on and execute transactions without assuming bounded…
Countries like Estonia, Norway or Australia developed electronic voting systems, which could be used to realize parliamentary elections with the help of personal computers and the Internet. These systems are completely different in their…
The Denial of Wallet (DoW) attack poses a unique and growing threat to serverless architectures that rely on Function-as-a-Service (FaaS) models, exploiting the cost structure of pay-as-you-go billing to financially burden application…
Micropayment channels are the most prominent solution to the limitation on transaction throughput in current blockchain systems. However, in practice channels are risky because participants have to be online constantly to avoid fraud, and…
New technologies, such as blockchain, are designed to address various system weaknesses, particularly those related to security. Blockchain can enhance numerous aspects of traditional banking systems by transforming them into digital,…