Related papers: Using entropy measures for comparison of software …

State-space reduction techniques, used primarily in model-checkers, all rely on the idea that some actions are independent, hence could be taken in any (respective) order while put in parallel, without changing the semantics. It is thus not…

Loop under-approximation is a technique that enriches C programs with additional branches that represent the effect of a (limited) range of loop iterations. While this technique can speed up the detection of bugs significantly, it…

Sequential recommender systems have achieved steady gains in offline accuracy, yet it remains unclear how close current models are to the intrinsic accuracy limit imposed by the data. A reliable, model-agnostic estimate of this ceiling…

Encodings or the proof of their absence are the main way to compare process calculi. To analyse the quality of encodings and to rule out trivial or meaningless encodings, they are augmented with encodability criteria. There exists a bunch…

Any physical system can be viewed from the perspective that information is implicitly represented in its state. However, the quantification of this information when it comes to complex networks has remained largely elusive. In this work, we…

In this work, we briefly introduce and discuss some of the diversity measures used in Ecology. After a succinct description and analysis of the most relevant ones, we single out the Shannon-Weiner index. We justify why it is the most…

Contract conformance is hard to determine statically, prior to the deployment of large pieces of software. A scalable alternative is to monitor for contract violations post-deployment: once a violation is detected, the trace characterising…

Modern software systems have become increasingly complex, which makes them difficult to test and validate. Detecting software partial anomalies in complex systems at runtime can assist with handling unintended software behaviors, avoiding…

With recent advances in sensing and tracking technology, trajectory data is becoming increasingly pervasive and analysis of trajectory data is becoming exceedingly important. A fundamental problem in analyzing trajectory data is that of…

Accurately assessing software vulnerabilities is essential for effective prioritization and remediation. While various scoring systems exist to support this task, their differing goals, methodologies and outputs often lead to inconsistent…

Anomalies are strange data points; they usually represent an unusual occurrence. Anomaly detection is presented from the perspective of Wireless sensor networks. Different approaches have been taken in the past, as we will see, not only to…

Trace alignment algorithms have been used in process mining for discovering the consensus treatment procedures and process deviations. Different alignment algorithms, however, may produce very different results. No widely-adopted method…

Approximation of entropies of various types using machine learning (ML) regression methods are shown for the first time. The ML models presented in this study define the complexity of the short time series by approximating dissimilar…

Large language models achieve strong reasoning performance, yet existing decoding strategies either explore blindly (random sampling) or redundantly (independent multi-sampling). We propose Entropy-Tree, a tree-based decoding method that…

Measuring and evaluating source code similarity is a fundamental software engineering activity that embraces a broad range of applications, including but not limited to code recommendation, duplicate code, plagiarism, malware, and smell…

Traditional random-walk particle-tracking (PT) models of advection and dispersion do not track entropy, because particle masses remain constant. Newer mass-transfer particle tracking (MTPT) models have the ability to do so because masses of…

Sampling is often a necessary evil to reduce the processing and storage costs of distributed tracing. In this work, we describe a scalable and adaptive sampling approach that can preserve events of interest better than the widely used…

Trace analysis can be a useful way to discover problems in a program under test. Rather than writing a special purpose trace analysis tool, this paper proposes that traces can usefully be analysed by checking them against a formal model…

Most automated software testing tasks can benefit from the abstract representation of test cases. Traditionally, this is done by encoding test cases based on their code coverage. Specification-level criteria can replace code coverage to…

Traditional spectrum-based fault localization (SBFL) exploits differences in a program's coverage spectrum when run on passing and failing test cases. However, such runs can provide a wealth of additional information beyond mere coverage.…