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To explain black hole thermodynamics in quantum gravity, one must introduce constraints to ensure that a black hole is actually present. I show that for a large class of black holes, such ``horizon constraints'' allow the use of conformal…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2010-04-28 S. Carlip

The close similarities of the three laws of black hole mechanics, discovered by Bardeen, Carter and Hawking, with the laws of thermodynamics led to the identification of a multiple of the area of the event horizon with entropy. However,…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-04-14 Abhay Ashtekar , Daniel E. Paraizo , Jonathan Shu

The basic equations of the thermodynamic system give the relationship between the internal energy, entropy and volume of two neighboring equilibrium states. By using the functional relationship between the state parameters in the basic…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2020-12-16 Xiong-Ying Guo , Ying Gao , Huai-Fan Li , Ren Zhao

We argue that a process where a fuzzy space splits in two others can be used to explain the origin of the black hole entropy, and why a "generalized second law of thermodynamics" appears to hold in the presence of black holes. We reach the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2015-05-18 C. A. S. Silva , R. R. Landim

The comparison of geometrical properties of black holes with classical thermodynamic variables reveals surprising parallels between the laws of black hole mechanics and the laws of thermodynamics. Since Hawking's discovery that black holes…

History and Philosophy of Physics · Physics 2019-03-18 Carina E. A. Prunkl , Christopher G. Timpson

Space-time singularities, viz. Big bang, Big crunch and black holes have been shown to follow from the singularity theorems of General relativity. Whether the entropy at such infinite proper-time objects can be other than zero has also been…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2007-05-23 Akinbo Ojo

A possible source of black hole entropy could be the entanglement of quantum fields in and out the horizon. The entanglement entropy of the ground state obeys the area law. However, a correction term proportional to a fractional power of…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2011-08-22 Ahmad Sheykhi , Seyed Hossein Hendi

Black holes have the peculiar and intriguing property of having an event horizon, a one-way membrane causally separating their internal region from the rest of the Universe. Today astrophysical observations provide some evidence for the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2013-09-10 Cosimo Bambi

A nontrivial peculiarity of general relativity is that when the horizon region of black holes is rendered harmless, the exterior doubles, resulting in a causally disconnected parallel universe. This intricacy plays a central role in 't…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2026-01-06 Abram Akal

We re-examine the idea that the origin of black-hole entropy may lie in the entanglement of quantum fields between inside and outside of the horizon. Motivated by the observation that certain modes of gravitational fluctuations in a…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2008-11-26 Saurya Das , S. Shankaranarayanan , Sourav Sur

Entropy plays a crucial role in characterization of information and entanglement, but it is not a scalar quantity and for many systems it is different for different relativistic observers. Loop quantum gravity predicts the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2015-06-25 Daniel R. Terno

By a simple physical consideration and uncertain principle, we derive that temperature is proportional to the surface gravity and entropy is proportional to the surface area of the black hole. We apply the same consideration to de Sitter…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2007-05-23 Tetsuya Hara , Keita Sakai , Daigo Kajiura

Near the horizon, the obvious symmetries of a black hole spacetime---the horizon-preserving diffeomorphisms---are enhanced to a larger symmetry group with a BMS${}_3$ algebra. Using dimensional reduction and covariant phase space…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2018-03-14 S. Carlip

In this work, we investigate the properties of Hawking radiation induced by the quantum atmosphere beyond the event horizon, by considering two detectors in Schwarzschild spacetime with the parameterized Hartle-Hawking temperature.…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-06-16 Shuai Zhang , Li-Juan Li , Xue-Ke Song , Liu Ye , Dong Wang

We compute the black hole horizon entanglement entropy S_E for a massless scalar field, first with a hard cutoff and then with high frequency dispersion, both imposed in a frame that falls freely across the horizon. Using WKB methods, we…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2008-11-26 Ted Jacobson , Renaud Parentani

Based on the generalized uncertainty principle, we study the entropy of a four-dimensional black hole by counting degrees of freedom near the horizon and obtain the (finite) entropy proportional to the surface area at the horizon without a…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2008-11-26 Myungseok Yoon , Jihye Ha , Wontae Kim

We investigate the possibility of statistical explanation of the black hole entropy by counting quasi-bounded modes of thermal fluctuation in two dimensional black hole spacetime. The black hole concerned is quantum in the sense that it is…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2014-11-17 Y. Itoh , M. Hotta , T. Futamase , M. Morikawa

The brick-wall model seeks to explain the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy as a wall-contribution to the thermal energy of ambient quantum fields raised to the Hawking temperature. Reservations have been expressed concerning the self-consistency…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2016-08-25 Shinji Mukohyama , Werner Israel

Modes of physical fields which are located inside a horizon and which cannot be observed by a distant observer are identified with dynamical degrees of freedom of a black hole. A new invariant statistical mechanical definition of a…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2021-01-05 Valery Frolov , Igor Novikov

Recently, there has been much attention devoted to resolving the quantum corrections to the Bekenstein-Hawking (black hole) entropy, which relates the entropy to the cross-sectional area of the black hole horizon. Using generalized…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2015-03-30 Abdel Nasser Tawfik , Eiman Abou El Dahab