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Cybercriminals have leveraged the popularity of a large user base available on Online Social Networks to spread spam campaigns by propagating phishing URLs, attaching malicious contents, etc. However, another kind of spam attacks using…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2018-02-13 Srishti Gupta , Abhinav Khattar , Arpit Gogia , Ponnurangam Kumaraguru , Tanmoy Chakraborty

Smishing (SMS phishing) has become a serious cybersecurity threat, especially for elderly and cyber-unaware individuals, causing financial loss and undermining user trust. Although prior work has focused on detecting smishing at the level…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Carl Lochstampfor , Ayan Roy

With the rising number of cyberattacks, such as ransomware attacks and cyber espionage, educating non-cybersecurity professionals to recognize threats has become more important than ever before. However, traditional training methods, such…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-05-08 Christopher Scherb , Luc Bryan Heitz , Frank Grimberg , Hermann Grieder , Marcel Maurer

E-mail is probably the most popular application on the Internet, with everyday business and personal communications dependent on it. Spam or unsolicited e-mail has been estimated to cost businesses significant amounts of money. However, our…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2010-08-20 Farnaz Moradi , Tomas Olovsson , Philippas Tsigas

Spam filters are a crucial component of modern email systems, as they help to protect users from unwanted and potentially harmful emails. However, the effectiveness of these filters is dependent on the quality of the machine learning models…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-07-20 Swagnik Roychoudhury , Akshaj Kumar Veldanda

Phishing is a common online weapon, used against users, by Phishers for acquiring a confidential information through deception. Since the inception of internet, nearly everything, ranging from money transaction to sharing information, is…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2013-12-11 Anugrah Kumar , Sanjiban Shekar Roy , Sarvesh SS Rawat , Sanklan Saxena

Spam domains are sources of unsolicited mails and one of the primary vehicles for fraud and malicious activities such as phishing campaigns or malware distribution. Spam domain detection is a race: as soon as the spam mails are sent, taking…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-05-05 Simon Fernandez , Maciej Korczyński , Andrzej Duda

Email is a private medium of communication, and the inherent privacy constraints form a major obstacle in developing effective spam filtering methods which require access to a large amount of email data belonging to multiple users. To…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2011-09-20 Manas A. Pathak , Mehrbod Sharifi , Bhiksha Raj

Organizations rely on phishing interventions to enhance employees' vigilance and safe responses to phishing emails that bypass technical solutions. While various resources are available to counteract phishing, studies emphasize the need for…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-02-20 Xiaowei Chen , Margault Sacré , Gabriele Lenzini , Samuel Greiff , Verena Distler , Anastasia Sergeeva

Phishing email detection faces significant challenges due to evolving adversarial tactics and heterogeneous attack patterns. Traditional approaches, such as rule-based filters and denylists, often struggle to keep pace, leading to missed…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Yinuo Xue , Eric Spero , Meng Wai Woo , Wei Gao , Giovanni Russello

Existence of spam URLs over emails and Online Social Media (OSM) has become a massive e-crime. To counter the dissemination of long complex URLs in emails and character limit imposed on various OSM (like Twitter), the concept of URL…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2014-06-17 Neha Gupta , Anupama Aggarwal , Ponnurangam Kumaraguru

The mobile device is one of the fasted growing technologies that is widely used in a diversifying sector. Mobile devices are used for everyday life, such as personal information exchange - chatting, email, shopping, and mobile banking,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-03-04 F. Ley Sylvester

Machine learning based phishing website detectors (ML-PWD) are a critical part of today's anti-phishing solutions in operation. Unfortunately, ML-PWD are prone to adversarial evasions, evidenced by both academic studies and analyses of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-04-04 Ying Yuan , Qingying Hao , Giovanni Apruzzese , Mauro Conti , Gang Wang

Phishing is an especially challenging cyber security threat as it does not attack computer systems, but targets the user who works on that system by relying on the vulnerability of their decision-making ability. Phishing attacks can be used…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2017-10-18 Gaurav Misra , Nalin Asanka Gamagedara Arachchilage , Shlomo Berkovsky

Email phishing is one of the most prevalent and globally consequential vectors of cyber intrusion. As systems increasingly deploy Large Language Models (LLMs) applications, these systems face evolving phishing email threats that exploit…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Najmul Hasan , Prashanth BusiReddyGari , Haitao Zhao , Yihao Ren , Jinsheng Xu , Shaohu Zhang

In this paper, we evaluate the capability of large language models to conduct personalized phishing attacks and compare their performance with human experts and AI models from last year. We include four email groups with a combined total of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-12-03 Fred Heiding , Simon Lermen , Andrew Kao , Bruce Schneier , Arun Vishwanath

Spam!: that's what Lorrie Faith Cranor and Brian LaMacchia exclaimed in the title of a popular call-to-action article that appeared twenty years ago on Communications of the ACM. And yet, despite the tremendous efforts of the research…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2019-08-20 Emilio Ferrara

The landscape of malicious emails and cyber social engineering attacks in general are constantly evolving. In order to design effective defenses against these attacks, we must deeply understand the Psychological Tactics, PTacs, and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-08-22 Theodore Longtchi , Shouhuai Xu

Phishing email is a serious cyber threat that tries to deceive users by sending false emails with the intention of stealing confidential information or causing financial harm. Attackers, often posing as trustworthy entities, exploit…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-15 Mohammad Amaz Uddin , Md Mahiuddin , Iqbal H. Sarker

Owing to the increase in 'certified' phishing websites, there is a steady increase in the number of phishing cases and general susceptibility to phishing. Trust mechanisms (e.g., HTTPS Lock Indicators, SSL Certificates) that help…

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