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Extensive air showers produce high-energy muons that can be utilized to probe hadronic interaction models in cosmic ray interactions. Most muons originate from pion and kaon decays, called $\textit{conventional}$ muons, while a smaller…

The measurement of the flux of muons produced in cosmic ray air showers is essential for the study of primary cosmic rays. Such measurements are important in extensive air shower detectors to assess the energy spectrum and the chemical…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2024-09-16 KM3NeT Collaboration

One of the uncertainties in interpretation of ultra-high energy cosmic ray (UHECR) data comes from the hadronic interaction models used for air shower Monte Carlo (MC) simulations. The number of muons observed at the ground from…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2018-07-11 Telescope Array Collaboration , R. U. Abbasi , M. Abe , T. Abu-Zayyad , M. Allen , R. Azuma , E. Barcikowski , J. W. Belz , D. R. Bergman , S. A. Blake , R. Cady , B. G. Cheon , J. Chiba , M. Chikawa , A. Di Matteo , T. Fujii , K. Fujita , M. Fukushima , G. Furlich , T. Goto , W. Hanlon , M. Hayashi , Y. Hayashi , N. Hayashida , K. Hibino , K. Honda , D. Ikeda , N. Inoue , T. Ishii , R. Ishimori , H. Ito , D. Ivanov , H. M. Jeong , S. M. Jeong , C. C. H. Jui , K. Kadota , F. Kakimoto , O. Kalashev , K. Kasahara , H. Kawai , S. Kawakami , S. Kawana , K. Kawata , E. Kido , H. B. Kim , J. H. Kim , J. H. Kim , S. Kishigami , S. Kitamura , Y. Kitamura , V. Kuzmin , M. Kuznetsov , Y. J. Kwon , K. H. Lee , B. Lubsandorzhiev , J. P. Lundquist , K. Machida , K. Martens , T. Matsuyama , J. N. Matthews , R. Mayta , M. Minamino , K. Mukai , I. Myers , K. Nagasawa , S. Nagataki , R. Nakamura , T. Nakamura , T. Nonaka , H. Oda , S. Ogio , J. Ogura , M. Ohnishi , H. Ohoka , T. Okuda , Y. Omura , M. Ono , R. Onogi , A. Oshima , S. Ozawa , I. H. Park , M. S. Pshirkov , J. Remington , D. C. Rodriguez , G. Rubtsov , D. Ryu , H. Sagawa , R. Sahara , K. Saito , Y. Saito , N. Sakaki , N. Sakurai , L. M. Scott , T. Seki , K. Sekino , P. D. Shah , F. Shibata , T. Shibata , H. Shimodaira , B. K. Shin , H. S. Shin , J. D. Smith , P. Sokolsky , B. T. Stokes , S. R. Stratton , T. A. Stroman , T. Suzawa , Y. Takagi , Y. Takahashi , M. Takamura , M. Takeda , R. Takeishi , A. Taketa , M. Takita , Y. Tameda , H. Tanaka , K. Tanaka , M. Tanaka , S. B. Thomas , G. B. Thomson , P. Tinyakov , I. Tkachev , H. Tokuno , T. Tomida , S. Troitsky , Y. Tsunesada , K. Tsutsumi , Y. Uchihori , S. Udo , F. Urban , T. Wong , M. Yamamoto , R. Yamane , H. Yamaoka , K. Yamazaki , J. Yang , K. Yashiro , Y. Yoneda , S. Yoshida , H. Yoshii , Y. Zhezher , Z. Zundel

Measurements of the muon content of extensive air showers at the highest energies show discrepancies compared to simulations as large as the differences between proton and iron. This so-called muon puzzle is commonly attributed to a lack of…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2022-09-21 Maximilian Reininghaus , Ralf Ulrich , Tanguy Pierog

Using the large hadron calorimeter of the KASCADE experiment, hadronic cores of extensive air showers have been studied. The hadron lateral and energy distributions have been investigated in order to study the reliability of the shower…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-10-31 T. Antoni , J. R. Hoerandel

Experiments measuring cosmic rays above an energy of 10^14 eV deduce the energy and mass of the primary cosmic ray particles from air-shower simulations. We investigate the importance of hadronic interactions at low and high energies on the…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2010-02-04 I. C. Maris , R. Engel , X. Garrido , A. Haungs , M. Roth , R. Ulrich , M. Unger

ALICE is a large experiment at the CERN Large Hadron Collider. Located 52 meters underground, its detectors are suitable to measure muons produced by cosmic-ray interactions in the atmosphere. In this paper, the studies of the cosmic muons…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2025-05-19 ALICE Collaboration

Muons comprise an important contribution of the natural radiation dose in air (approx. 30 nSv/h of a total dose rate of 65-130 nSv/h), as well as in underground sites even when the flux and relative contribution are significantly reduced.…

We present the first results of the application of the recently found universality of behavior of muon signal to electromagnetic (EM) signal ratio with respect to the vertical depth of showers maximum for mass composition and hadronic…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2011-07-27 D. D'Urso , M. Ambrosio , C. Aramo , M. Cilmo , F. Guarino , L. Valore , A. Yushkov

The particle showers produced in the atmosphere due to the interactions of primary cosmic particles require a thorough understanding in the backdrop of searches for rare interactions. In this work, we made a comprehensive study of air…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2024-02-15 Hariom Sogarwal , Prashant Shukla

The DELPHI detector at LEP has been used to measure multi-muon bundles originating from cosmic ray interactions with air. The cosmic events were recorded in ``parasitic mode'' between individual e+e- interactions and the total live time of…

Astrophysics · Physics 2008-11-26 The DELPHI Collaboration , J. Abdallah

The predictions of hadronic interaction models for cosmic-ray induced air showers contain inherent uncertainties due to limitations of available accelerator data. This leads to differences in shower simulations using each of those models.…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2025-02-18 Benedetta Bruno , Rodrigo Guedes Lang , Luan Bonneau Arbeletche , Vitor de Souza , Stefan Funk

We report a flux-integrated cross section measurement of muon neutrino interactions on water and hydrocarbon via charged current reactions without charged pions in the final state with the WAGASCI-BabyMIND detector which was installed in…

High Energy Physics - Experiment · Physics 2026-01-07 K. Abe , S. Abe , R. Akutsu , H. Alarakia-Charles , Y. I. Alj Hakim , S. Alonso Monsalve , L. Anthony , S. Aoki , K. A. Apte , T. Arai , T. Arihara , S. Arimoto , Y. Ashida , E. T. Atkin , N. Babu , V. Baranov , G. J. Barker , G. Barr , D. Barrow , P. Bates , L. Bathe-Peters , M. Batkiewicz-Kwasniak , N. Baudis , V. Berardi , L. Berns , S. Bhattacharjee , A. Blanchet , A. Blondel , P. M. M. Boistier , S. Bolognesi , S. Bordoni , S. B. Boyd , C. Bronner , A. Bubak , M. Buizza Avanzini , F. Cadoux , N. F. Calabria , S. Cao , S. Cap , D. Carabadjac , S. L. Cartwright , M. P. Casado , M. G. Catanesi , J. Chakrani , A. Chalumeau , D. Cherdack , A. Chvirova , J. Coleman , G. Collazuol , F. Cormier , A. A. L. Craplet , A. Cudd , D. D'ago , C. Dalmazzone , T. Daret , P. Dasgupta , C. Davis , Yu. I. Davydov , P. de Perio , G. De Rosa , T. Dealtry , C. Densham , A. Dergacheva , R. Dharmapal Banerjee , F. Di Lodovico , G. Diaz Lopez , S. Dolan , D. Douqa , T. A. Doyle , O. Drapier , K. E. Duffy , J. Dumarchez , P. Dunne , K. Dygnarowicz , A. Eguchi , J. Elias , S. Emery-Schrenk , G. Erofeev , A. Ershova , G. Eurin , D. Fedorova , S. Fedotov , M. Feltre , L. Feng , D. Ferlewicz , A. J. Finch , M. D. Fitton , C. Forza , M. Friend , Y. Fujii , Y. Fukuda , Y. Furui , J. García-Marcos , A. C. Germer , L. Giannessi , C. Giganti , M. Girgus , V. Glagolev , M. Gonin , E. A. G. Goodman , K. Gorshanov , P. Govindaraj , M. Grassi , M. Guigue , F. Y. Guo , D. R. Hadley , S. Han , D. A. Harris , R. J. Harris , T. Hasegawa , C. M. Hasnip , S. Hassani , N. C. Hastings , Y. Hayato , I. Heitkamp , D. Henaff , Y. Hino , J. Holeczek , A. Holin , T. Holvey , N. T. Hong Van , T. Honjo , M. C. F. Hooft , K. Hosokawa , J. Hu , A. K. Ichikawa , K. Ieki , M. Ikeda , T. H. Ishida , T. Ishida , M. Ishitsuka , H. Ito , S. Ito , A. Izmaylov , N. Jachowicz , S. J. Jenkins , C. Jesús-Valls , M. Jia , J. J. Jiang , J. Y. Ji , T. P. Jones , P. Jonsson , S. Joshi , M. Kabirnezhad , A. C. Kaboth , H. Kakuno , J. Kameda , S. Karpova , V. S. Kasturi , Y. Kataoka , T. Katori , A. Kawabata , Y. Kawamura , M. Kawaue , E. Kearns , M. Khabibullin , A. Khotjantsev , T. Kikawa , S. King , V. Kiseeva , J. Kisiel , A. Klustová , L. Kneale , H. Kobayashi , Sota. R Kobayashi , L. Koch , S. Kodama , M. Kolupanova , A. Konaka , L. L. Kormos , Y. Koshio , K. Kowalik , Y. Kudenko , Y. Kudo , A. Kumar Jha , R. Kurjata , V. Kurochka , T. Kutter , L. Labarga , M. Lachat , K. Lachner , J. Lagoda , S. M. Lakshmi , M. Lamers James , A. Langella , D. H. Langridge , J. -F. Laporte , D. Last , N. Latham , M. Laveder , L. Lavitola , M. Lawe , D. Leon Silverio , S. Levorato , S. V. Lewis , B. Li , C. Lin , R. P. Litchfield , S. L. Liu , W. Li , A. Longhin , A. Lopez Moreno , L. Ludovici , X. Lu , T. Lux , L. N. Machado , L. Magaletti , K. Mahn , K. K. Mahtani , M. Mandal , S. Manly , A. D. Marino , D. G. R. Martin , D. A. Martinez Caicedo , L. Martinez , M. Martini , T. Matsubara , R. Matsumoto , V. Matveev , C. Mauger , K. Mavrokoridis , N. McCauley , K. S. McFarland , C. McGrew , J. McKean , A. Mefodiev , L. Mellet , C. Metelko , M. Mezzetto , S. Miki , V. Mikola , E. W. Miller , A. Minamino , O. Mineev , S. Mine , J. Mirabito , M. Miura , S. Moriyama , S. Moriyama , P. Morrison , Th. A. Mueller , D. Munford , A. Muñoz , L. Munteanu , Y. Nagai , T. Nakadaira , K. Nakagiri , M. Nakahata , Y. Nakajima , K. D. Nakamura , A. Nakano , Y. Nakano , S. Nakayama , T. Nakaya , K. Nakayoshi , C. E. R. Naseby , D. T. Nguyen , V. Q. Nguyen , K. Niewczas , S. Nishimori , Y. Nishimura , Y. Noguchi , T. Nosek , F. Nova , J. C. Nugent , H. M. O'Keeffe , L. O'Sullivan , R. Okazaki , W. Okinaga , K. Okumura , T. Okusawa , N. Onda , N. Ospina , L. Osu , N. Otani , Y. Oyama , V. Paolone , J. Pasternak , D. Payne , T. P. D. Peacock , M. Pfaff , L. Pickering , G. Pintaudi , B. Popov , A. J. Portocarrero Yrey , M. Posiadala-Zezula , Y. S. Prabhu , H. Prasad , F. Pupilli , B. Quilain , P. T. Quyen , E. Radicioni , B. Radics , M. A. Ramirez , R. Ramsden , P. N. Ratoff , M. Reh , G. Reina , C. Riccio , D. W. Riley , E. Rondio , S. Roth , N. Roy , A. Rubbia , L. Russo , A. Rychter , W. Saenz , K. Sakashita , S. Samani , F. Sánchez , E. M. Sandford , Y. Sato , T. Schefke , C. M. Schloesser , K. Scholberg , M. Scott , Y. Seiya , T. Sekiguchi , H. Sekiya , T. Sekiya , D. Seppala , D. Sgalaberna , A. Shaikhiev , M. Shiozawa , Y. Shiraishi , A. Shvartsman , N. Skrobova , K. Skwarczynski , D. Smyczek , M. Smy , J. T. Sobczyk , H. Sobel , F. J. P. Soler , A. J. Speers , R. Spina , A. Srivastava , P. Stowell , Y. Stroke , I. A. Suslov , A. Suzuki , S. Y. Suzuki , M. Tada , S. Tairafune , A. Takeda , Y. Takeuchi , K. Takeya , H. K. Tanaka , H. Tanigawa , V. V. Tereshchenko , N. Thamm , C. Touramanis , N. Tran , T. Tsukamoto , M. Tzanov , Y. Uchida , M. Vagins , M. Varghese , I. Vasilyev , G. Vasseur , E. Villa , U. Virginet , T. Vladisavljevic , T. Wachala , S. -i. Wada , D. Wakabayashi , H. T. Wallace , J. G. Walsh , L. Wan , D. Wark , M. O. Wascko , A. Weber , R. Wendell , M. J. Wilking , C. Wilkinson , J. R. Wilson , K. Wood , C. Wret , J. Xia , K. Yamamoto , T. Yamamoto , C. Yanagisawa , Y. Yang , T. Yano , K. Yasutome , N. Yershov , U. Yevarouskaya , M. Yokoyama , Y. Yoshimoto , N. Yoshimura , R. Zaki , A. Zalewska , J. Zalipska , G. Zarnecki , J. Zhang , X. Y. Zhao , H. Zheng , H. Zhong , T. Zhu , M. Ziembicki , E. D. Zimmerman , M. Zito , S. Zsoldos

Extensive air showers produced by the interaction of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays ($E > 10^{18}$ eV) in the Earth's atmosphere provide a challenging yet unique channel to probe hadronic interactions at the 100 TeV center-of-mass energy…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2025-12-17 Eva dos Santos

It is shown, that highly accurate estimation of muon shower content can be performed on the basis of knowledge of only vertical depth of shower maximum and total signal in ground detector. The estimate is almost independent on primary…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2009-10-26 A. Yushkov , M. Ambrosio , C. Aramo , F. Guarino , D. D'Urso , L. Valore

The magnetized MINOS near detector can accurately determine the charge sign of atmospheric muons, this facilitates a measurement of the atmospheric muon charge ratio. To reduce the systematic error associated with geometric bias and…

High Energy Physics - Experiment · Physics 2019-08-13 J. K. de Jong

The muon charge ratio of the lateral muon density distributions in single EAS is studied by simulations, in context of recent proposals to measure this observable in coincidence with EAS observations. While effects of the hadronic…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-13 H. Rebel , O. Sima , A. Haungs , C. Manailescu , B. Mitrica , C. Morariu

Extensive air showers are complex objects, resulting of billions of particle reactions initiated by single cosmic ray at ultra-high-energy. Their characteristics are sensitive both to the mass of the primary cosmic ray and to the details of…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2019-06-12 Lorenzo Cazon

We present a new measurement of air shower muons made during atmospheric ascent of the High Energy Antimatter Telescope balloon experiment. The muon charge ratio mu+ / mu- is presented as a function of atmospheric depth in the momentum…