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The constraint-preserving approach, which aim is to provide consistent boundary conditions for Numerical Relativity simulations, is discussed in parallel with other recent developments. The case of the Z4 system is considered, and…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2009-11-10 C. Bona , T. Ledvinka , C. Palenzuela-Luque , M. Zacek

We present a set of well-posed constraint-preserving boundary conditions for a first-order in time, second-order in space, harmonic formulation of the Einstein equations. The boundary conditions are tested using robust stability, linear and…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2008-11-26 Jennifer Seiler , Bela Szilagyi , Denis Pollney , Luciano Rezzolla

A set of energy-momentum constraint-preserving boundary conditions is proposed for the first-order Z4 case. The stability of a simple numerical implementation is tested in the linear regime (robust stability test), both with the standard…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2014-11-20 C. Bona , C. Bona-Casas

We analyze Einstein's vacuum field equations in generalized harmonic coordinates on a compact spatial domain with boundaries. We specify a class of boundary conditions which is constraint-preserving and sufficiently general to include…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2008-11-26 Milton Ruiz , Oliver Rinne , Olivier Sarbach

Following previous work in vacuum spacetimes, we investigate the constraint-damping properties in the presence of matter of the recently developed traceless, conformal and covariant Z4 (CCZ4) formulation of the Einstein equations. First, we…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2015-06-16 Daniela Alic , Wolfgang Kastaun , Luciano Rezzolla

We consider the initial boundary value problem for free-evolution formulations of general relativity coupled to a parametrized family of coordinate conditions that includes both the moving puncture and harmonic gauges. We concentrate…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2018-01-03 David Hilditch , Milton Ruiz

A common approach for the numerical simulation of wave propagation on a spatially unbounded domain is to truncate the domain via an artificial boundary, thus forming a finite computational domain with an outer boundary. Absorbing boundary…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2008-11-26 Olivier Sarbach

We show that the classical fourth order accurate compact finite difference scheme with high order strong stability preserving time discretizations for convection diffusion problems satisfies a weak monotonicity property, which implies that…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2023-10-26 Hao Li , Shusen Xie , Xiangxiong Zhang

We present a new formulation of the multipolar expansion of an exact boundary condition for the wave equation, which is truncated at the quadrupolar order. Using an auxiliary function, that is the solution of a wave equation on the sphere…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2009-11-07 Jerome Novak , Silvano Bonazzola

A fourth-order compact scheme is proposed for a fourth-order subdiffusion equation with the first Dirichlet boundary conditions. The fourth-order problem is firstly reduced into a couple of spatially second-order system and we use an…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2019-07-04 Jialing Zhong , Hong-lin Liao , Bingquan Ji , Luming Zhang

Einstein's system of equations in the ADM decomposition involves two subsystems of equations: evolution equations and constraint equations. For numerical relativity, one typically solves the constraint equations only on the initial time…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2007-05-23 Nicolae Tarfulea

We present two families of first-order in time and second-order in space formulations of the Einstein equations (variants of the Arnowitt-Deser-Misner formulation) that admit a complete set of characteristic variables and a conserved energy…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2009-11-10 Carsten Gundlach , Jose M. Martin-Garcia

This paper is concerned with the initial-boundary value problem for the Einstein equations in a first-order generalized harmonic formulation. We impose boundary conditions that preserve the constraints and control the incoming gravitational…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2008-11-22 Oliver Rinne

The focus of this work is on the construction of a family of nonlinear absorbing boundary conditions for the Westervelt equation in one and two space dimensions. The principal ingredient used in the design of such conditions is…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2014-08-22 Barbara Kaltenbacher , Igor Shevchenko

We introduce a set of constraint preserving boundary conditions for the Baumgarte-Shapiro-Shibata-Nakamura (BSSN) formulation of the Einstein evolution equations in spherical symmetry, based on its hyperbolic structure. While the outgoing…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2015-06-22 Miguel Alcubierre , Jose M. Torres

A conservation-consistent boundary condition is proposed for nonlinear models of soluble-surfactant-laden falling films, ensuring exact conservation of total surfactant mass. The formulation resolves an inconsistency in widely used reduced…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2026-05-20 Sanghasri Mukhopadhyay , Séverine Millet , Bastien Di Pierro , Asim Mukhopadhyay

We show that by adding suitable lower-order terms to the Z4 formulation of the Einstein equations, all constraint violations except constant modes are damped. This makes the Z4 formulation a particularly simple example of a lambda-system as…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2020-05-13 Carsten Gundlach , Jose M. Martin-Garcia , Gioel Calabrese , Ian Hinder

We present strongly stable semi-discrete finite difference approximations to the quarter space problem (x>0, t>0) for the first order in time, second order in space wave equation with a shift term. We consider space-like (pure outflow) and…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2024-07-11 Gioel Calabrese , Carsten Gundlach

Numerical simulation of the spherically symmetric Einstein--Euler (EE) system faces severe challenges due to the stringent physical admissibility constraints of relativistic fluids and the geometric singularities inherent in metric…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2025-12-04 Yuchen Huang , Manting Peng , Kailiang Wu

Outer boundary conditions for strongly and symmetric hyperbolic formulations of 3D Einstein's field equations with a live gauge condition are discussed. The boundary conditions have the property that they ensure constraint propagation and…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2007-05-23 Olivier Sarbach , Manuel Tiglio
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