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Multi-fidelity Monte Carlo (MFMC) is a variance reduction method that leverages a multi-fidelity ensemble of models of varying cost and accuracy levels. Constructing an MFMC estimator with optimal variance requires knowledge of the…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-05-25 Michael Stanley , Thomas Coons , Geoffrey Bomarito , Patrick Leser , Joshua Pribe , James Warner

The order of convergence of the Monte Carlo method is 1/2 which means that we need quadruple samples to decrease the error in half in the numerical simulation. Multilevel Monte Carlo methods reach the same order of error by spending less…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2015-02-27 Myoungnyoun Kim , Imbo Sim

We devise a Monte Carlo based method for detecting whether a non-negative Markov chain is stable for a given set of parameter values. More precisely, for a given subset of the parameter space, we develop an algorithm that is capable of…

Probability · Mathematics 2016-08-11 Michel Mandjes , Brendan Patch , Neil Walton

Measuring model risk is required by regulators on financial and insurance markets. We separate model risk into parameter estimation risk and model specification risk, and we propose expected shortfall type model risk measures applied to…

Econometrics · Economics 2020-10-29 Emese Lazar , Shuyuan Qi , Radu Tunaru

It is a well known fact that recovery rates tend to go down when the number of defaults goes up in economic downturns. We demonstrate how the loss given default model with the default and recovery dependent via the latent systematic risk…

Risk Management · Quantitative Finance 2014-11-03 Xiaolin Luo , Pavel V. Shevchenko

We propose and analyze a method for computing failure probabilities of systems modeled as numerical deterministic models (e.g., PDEs) with uncertain input data. A failure occurs when a functional of the solution to the model is below (or…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2016-06-21 Daniel Elfverson , Fredrik Hellman , Axel Målqvist

Claim reserving in insurance has been studied through two primary frameworks: the macro-level approach, which estimates reserves at an aggregate level (e.g., Chain-Ladder), and the micro-level approach, which estimates reserves at the…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-02-24 Sebastian Calcetero Vanegas , Andrei L. Badescu , X. Sheldon Lin

The Monte Carlo method is typically considered the gold standard for simulating reactor physics problems, as it does not require discretization of the phase space. This is not necessarily true though when simulating multigroup problems, as…

Computational Physics · Physics 2025-10-22 Parth Singh , Hunter Belanger

When dealing with difficult inverse problems such as inverse rendering, using Monte Carlo estimated gradients to optimise parameters can slow down convergence due to variance. Averaging many gradient samples in each iteration reduces this…

Graphics · Computer Science 2023-09-28 Martin Balint , Karol Myszkowski , Hans-Peter Seidel , Gurprit Singh

This paper is a broad and accessible survey of the methods we have at our disposal for Monte Carlo gradient estimation in machine learning and across the statistical sciences: the problem of computing the gradient of an expectation of a…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-09-30 Shakir Mohamed , Mihaela Rosca , Michael Figurnov , Andriy Mnih

The Chain-Ladder (CL) method remains the dominant macro-level technique for claims reserving in non-life insurance, yet its classical formulation lacks a coherent probabilistic foundation. Existing stochastic extensions-including the Mack…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-05-18 Robin Van Oirbeek

For basic machine learning problems, expected error is used to evaluate model performance. Since the distribution of data is usually unknown, we can make simple hypothesis that the data are sampled independently and identically distributed…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-01 Xuli Shen , Qing Xu , Xiangyang Xue

Continuous level Monte Carlo is an unbiased, continuous version of the celebrated multilevel Monte Carlo method. The approximation level is assumed to be continuous resulting in a stochastic process describing the quantity of interest.…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2024-02-19 Cedric Aaron Beschle , Andrea Barth

In predictive modeling with simulation or machine learning, it is critical to accurately assess the quality of estimated values through output analysis. In recent decades output analysis has become enriched with methods that quantify the…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-10-27 Kimia Vahdat , Sara Shashaani

Monte Carlo simulation is often used for the reliability assessment of power systems, but it converges slowly when the system is complex. Multilevel Monte Carlo (MLMC) can be applied to speed up computation without compromises on model…

Computation · Statistics 2022-07-12 Ensieh Sharifnia , Simon Tindemans

The Multilevel Monte Carlo method is an efficient variance reduction technique. It uses a sequence of coarse approximations to reduce the computational cost in uncertainty quantification applications. The method is nowadays often considered…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2018-06-15 Pieterjan Robbe , Dirk Nuyens , Stefan Vandewalle

We present a new Subset Simulation approach using Hamiltonian neural network-based Monte Carlo sampling for reliability analysis. The proposed strategy combines the superior sampling of the Hamiltonian Monte Carlo method with…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-01-11 Denny Thaler , Somayajulu L. N. Dhulipala , Franz Bamer , Bernd Markert , Michael D. Shields

Language models are increasingly capable and are being rapidly deployed on a population-level scale. As a result, the safety of these models is increasingly high-stakes. Fortunately, advances in alignment have significantly reduced the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-27 Rico Angell , Raghav Singhal , Zachary Horvitz , Zhou Yu , Rajesh Ranganath , Kathleen McKeown , He He

Ladder polymers, known for their rigid, ladder-like structures, exhibit exceptional thermal stability and mechanical strength, positioning them as candidates for advanced applications. However, accurately determining their structure from…

Soft Condensed Matter · Physics 2025-05-23 Lijie Ding , Chi-Huan Tung , Zhiqiang Cao , Zekun Ye , Xiaodan Gu , Yan Xia , Wei-Ren Chen , Changwoo Do

The valuation of over-the-counter derivatives is subject to a series of valuation adjustments known as xVA, which pose additional risks for financial institutions. Associated risk measures, such as the value-at-risk of an underlying…

Computational Finance · Quantitative Finance 2024-05-24 Michael B. Giles , Abdul-Lateef Haji-Ali , Jonathan Spence