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Understanding the conditions that enable particle acceleration at non-relativistic collisionless shocks is essential to unveil the origin of cosmic rays. We employ 2D and 3D hybrid simulations (with kinetic ions and fluid electrons) to…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2026-04-21 Luca Orusa , Damiano Caprioli , Lorenzo Sironi , Anatoly Spitkovsky

We study diffusive shock acceleration (DSA) of protons and electrons at nonrelativistic, high Mach number, quasiparallel, collisionless shocks by means of self-consistent 1D particle-in-cell simulations. For the first time, both species are…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2015-03-02 Jaehong Park , Damiano Caprioli , Anatoly Spitkovsky

The relaxation of field-line tension during magnetic reconnection gives rise to a universal Fermi acceleration process involving the curvature drift of particles. However, the efficiency of this mechanism is limited by the trapping of…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2021-11-10 Qile Zhang , Fan Guo , William Daughton , Xiaocan Li , Hui Li

During the formation of large-scale structures in the universe, weak internal shocks are induced within the hot ICM, while strong accretion shocks arise in the WHIM within filaments, and the warm-cold gas in voids surrounding galaxy…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2024-09-30 Hyesung Kang

We present laboratory results on energy partitioning from supercritical, magnetized collisionless shock experiments ($\rm{M_A} \sim 8$, $\rm{M_{ms}}\sim 4$). We report the first observation of fully-developed laboratory shocks that evolve…

Shocks in astrophysical fluids can generate suprathermal particles by first order (or diffusive) Fermi acceleration. In the test particle regime there is a simple relation between the spectrum of the accelerated particles and the jump…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-06 Pasquale Blasi

The efficiency of particle acceleration at shock waves in relativistic, magnetized astrophysical outflows is a debated topic with far-reaching implications. Here, for the first time, we study the impact of turbulence in the pre-shock…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2023-07-06 Virginia Bresci , Martin Lemoine , Laurent Gremillet

Observations of synchrotron radiation across a wide range of wavelengths provide clear evidence that electrons are accelerated to relativistic energies in supernova remnants (SNRs). However, a viable mechanism for the pre-acceleration of…

Astrophysics · Physics 2007-05-23 M. E. Dieckmann , K. G. McClements , S. C. Chapman , R. O. Dendy , L. O'C. Drury

We develop a theory of particle acceleration inside relativistic rotating electron-positron force-free jets with spiral magnetic fields. We considered perturbation of the stationary magnetic field structure and found that acceleration takes…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-07 A. R. Beresnyak , Ya. N. Istomin , V. I. Pariev

Shear flows, ubiquitous in space and astrophysical plasmas, can accelerate particles through turbulence excited by the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability. We present the first numerical study of particle acceleration in non-relativistic,…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2025-12-16 Mingxuan Liu , Mateusz Ruszkowski , Ellen Zweibel , Xiaochen Sun , Damiano Caprioli , Naixin Liang , Siang Peng Oh , Anatoly Spitkovsky

Relativistic shocks provide an efficient method for high-energy particle acceleration in many astrophysical sources. Multiple shock systems are even more effective and of importance, for example, in the internal shock model of gamma-ray…

Astrophysics · Physics 2008-11-26 Paul Dempsey , Peter Duffy

How electrons get accelerated to relativistic energies in a high-Mach-number quasi-perpendicular shock is presented by means of ab initio particle-in-cell simulations in three dimensions. We found that coherent electrostatic Buneman waves…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2017-09-13 Yosuke Matsumoto , Takanobu Amano , Tsunehiko N. Kato , Masahiro Hoshino

Collisionless shock acceleration of carbon ions (C$^{6+}$) is investigated in the ultra-relativistic regime of laser-plasma interaction by accounting for the radiation reaction force and the pair production in particle-in-cell simulations.…

Plasma Physics · Physics 2019-07-12 Shikha Bhadoria , Naveen Kumar

Using our new 3-D relativistic electromagnetic particle (REMP) code parallelized with MPI, we investigated long-term particle acceleration associated with a relativistic electron-positron jet propagating in an unmagnetized ambient…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2014-11-20 K. -I. Nishikawa , J. Niemiec , M. Medvedev , B. Zhang , P. Hardee , Y. Mizuno , A. Nordlund , J. Frederiksen , H. Sol , M. Pohl , D. H. Hartmann , J. F. Fishman

We have developed a Monte Carlo technique for self-consistently calculating the hydrodynamic structure of oblique, steady-state shocks, together with the first-order Fermi acceleration process and associated non-thermal particle…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-10-28 Donald C. Ellison , Matthew G. Baring , Frank C. Jones

Collisionless shocks are common features in space and astrophysical systems where supersonic plasma flows interact, such as in the solar wind, the heliopause, and supernova remnants. Recent experimental capabilities and diagnostics allow…

The first-order Fermi acceleration of electrons requires an injection of electrons into a mildly relativistic energy range. However, the mechanism of injection has remained a puzzle both in theory and observation. We present direct evidence…

A leading explanation for the origin of Galactic cosmic rays is acceleration at high-Mach number shock waves in the collisionless plasma surrounding young supernova remnants. Evidence for this is provided by multi-wavelength non-thermal…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2017-08-02 A. Masters , A. H. Sulaiman , Ł. Stawarz , B. Reville , N. Sergis , M. Fujimoto , D. Burgess , A. J. Coates , M. K. Dougherty

We examine the first order Fermi acceleration on the presumption that supernova remnant shocks cross ambient magnetic fields with various angles. These oblique shocks accelerate particles more efficiently than the parallel shocks and…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-10-31 K. Kobayakawa , Y. S. Honda , T. Samura

Collisionless shocks generated by two colliding relativistic electron-positron plasma shells are studied using particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations. Shocks are mediated by the Weibel instability (WI), and the kinetic energy of the fastest…

Plasma Physics · Physics 2024-06-19 Roopendra Singh Rajawat , Vladimir Khudik , Gennady Shvets