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We define canonical real analytic versions of modular forms of integral weight for the full modular group, generalising real analytic Eisenstein series. They are harmonic Maass waveforms with poles at the cusp, whose Fourier coefficients…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2017-11-07 Francis Brown

We generalize the modular invariance approach to include the half-integral weight modular forms. Accordingly the modular group should be extended to its metaplectic covering group for consistency. We introduce the well-defined half-integral…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2021-01-04 Xiang-Gan Liu , Chang-Yuan Yao , Bu-Yao Qu , Gui-Jun Ding

For a prime $p$ larger than $7$, the Eisenstein series of weight $p-1$ has some remarkable congruence properties modulo $p$. Those imply, for example, that the $j$-invariants of its zeros (which are known to be real algebraic numbers in the…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2022-11-03 Berend Ringeling

In a previous paper \cite{BorGunn}, we defined the space of toric forms $\TTT(l)$, and showed that it is a finitely generated subring of the holomorphic modular forms of integral weight on the congruence group $\Gamma_1(l)$. In this article…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Lev A. Borisov , Paul E. Gunnells

There are a number of fundamental results in the study of holomorphic function theory associated to the discrete group PSL(2,Z) including the following statements: The ring of holomorphic modular forms is generated by the holomorphic…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2019-02-20 Jay Jorgenson , Lejla Smajlovic , Holger Then

In this paper we generalize a well-known isomorphism between the space of cusp forms of weight $k$ for a Fuchsian subgroup of the first kind $\Gamma \subset\mathrm{SL}_{2}(\mathbb{R})$ and the space of certain Maa{\ss} forms of weight $k$…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2022-08-15 Jürg Kramer , Antareep Mandal

We study equivariant primitives of Eisenstein series for principal congruence subgroups and show that they are precisely the corresponding non-holomorphic Eisenstein series. We present closed formulas that naturally generalise existing…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2025-02-10 Claude Duhr , Franca Lippert

We find bases for the spaces $M_2\Big(\Gamma_0(24),\Big(\frac{d}{\cdot}\Big)\Big)$ ($d=1,8,12, 24$) of modular forms. We determine the Fourier coefficients of all $35$ theta products $\varphi[a_1,a_2,a_3,a_4](z)$ in these spaces. We then…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2016-07-15 Ayşe Alaca , Şaban Alaca , Zafer Selcuk Aygin

A conjecture in [Ish20] states that for a finite subgroup $G$ of $GL(2; \mathbb{C})$, a resolution $Y$ of $\mathbb{C}^2/G$ is isomorphic to a moduli space $\mathcal{M}_{\theta}$ of $G$-constellations for some generic stability parameter…

Algebraic Geometry · Mathematics 2025-02-27 John Ashley Navarro Capellan

We study the rational coefficients that arise when the Eisenstein series $G_k$ is expressed as a polynomial in $G_4$ and $G_6$. We prove a recent conjecture giving an exact formula for the minimal 2-adic valuation of these coefficients in…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2026-05-12 Liubomir Chiriac , Andrei Jorza

Modular graph forms (MGFs) are a class of non-holomorphic modular forms which naturally appear in the low-energy expansion of closed-string genus-one amplitudes and have generated considerable interest from pure mathematicians. MGFs satisfy…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2021-05-26 Jan E. Gerken

In this paper we construct a large four-dimensional family of representations of the modular group into $G_2$. Precisely, this family is an etale cover of degree $96$ of an open subset of the moduli space of such representations. This…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2025-05-05 Angelica Babei , Andrew Fiori , Cameron Franc

We develop the formalism of the finite modular group $\Gamma'_4 \equiv S'_4$, a double cover of the modular permutation group $\Gamma_4 \simeq S_4$, for theories of flavour. The integer weight $k>0$ of the level 4 modular forms…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2021-03-24 P. P. Novichkov , J. T. Penedo , S. T. Petcov

Let $\Gamma\subset\mathrm{PSL}_{2}(\mathbb{R})$ be a Fuchsian subgroup of the first kind acting by fractional linear transformations on the upper half-plane $\mathbb{H}$, and let $M=\Gamma\backslash\mathbb{H}$ be the associated finite…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2016-04-05 Anna-Maria von Pippich

It is shown that the space of infinitesimal deformations of 2k-Einstein structures is finite dimensional at compact non-flat space forms. Moreover, spherical space forms are shown to be rigid in the sense that they are isolated in the…

Differential Geometry · Mathematics 2010-02-24 Levi Lopes de Lima , Newton Luis Santos

In this paper, we completely classify the rational weights $k$ for which the Kaneko-Zagier (KZ) differential equation admits a fundamental system of solutions consisting of modular forms for a principal congruence subgroup $\Gamma(N)$. By…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2026-05-25 Yuichi Sakai , Hiroyuki Tsutsumi

We say a power series $a_0+a_1q+a_2q^2+\cdots$ is \emph{multiplicative} if $n\mapsto a_n/a_1$ for positive integers $n$ is a multiplicative function. Given the Eisenstein series $E_{2k}(q)$, we consider formal multiplicative power series…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2025-11-04 Boyuan Xiong

Given an integral lattice $\Lambda$ of rank $n$ and a finite sequence $m_1 \leq m_2 \leq ... \leq m_k$ of natural numbers we construct a modular form $\Theta_{m_1,m_2,...,m_k,\Lambda}$ of level $N=N(\Lambda)$. The weight of this modular…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2009-09-03 Juan Marcos Cerviño , Georg Hein

We determine the structure over $\mathbb{Z}$ of the ring of symmetric Hermitian modular forms with respect to $\mathbb{Q}(\sqrt{-1})$ of degree $2$ (with a character), whose Fourier coefficients are integers. Namely, we give a set of…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2019-03-29 Toshiyuki Kikuta

As was shown by Harer the second homology of ${\mathbb M}_g$, the moduli space of compact Riemann surfaces of genus $g$, is of rank 1, provided $g \geq 3$. This means a nontrivial second de Rham cohomology class on ${\mathbb M}_g$ is unique…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2007-10-09 Nariya Kawazumi