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Studies of model microswimmers have significantly contributed to the understanding of the principles of self-propulsion we have today. However, only a small number of microswimmer types have been amenable to analytic modeling, and further…

Soft Condensed Matter · Physics 2021-02-10 Sebastian Ziegler , Maxime Hubert , Nicolas Vandewalle , Jens Harting , Ana-Sunčana-Smith

Molecular dynamics simulations are an important tool for describing the evolution of a chemical system with time. However, these simulations are inherently held back either by the prohibitive cost of accurate electronic structure theory…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2018-12-20 Michael Gastegger , Philipp Marquetand

With the continuing rapid development of artificial microrobots and active particles, questions of microswimmer guidance and control are becoming ever more relevant and prevalent. In both the applications and theoretical study of such…

Soft Condensed Matter · Physics 2021-06-03 Clément Moreau , Kenta Ishimoto , Eamonn A. Gaffney , Benjamin J. Walker

Living microorganisms are capable of a tactic response to external stimuli by swimming towards or away from the stimulus source; they do so by adapting their tactic signal transduction pathways to the environment. Their self-motility thus…

Soft Condensed Matter · Physics 2016-10-12 Alexander Geiseler , Peter Hänggi , Fabio Marchesoni , Colm Mulhern , Sergey Savel'ev

A paradigmatic microswimmer is the three-linked-spheres model, which follows a minimalist approach for propulsion by shape shifting. As such, it has been the subject of numerous analytical and numerical studies. In this Rapid Communication,…

Soft Condensed Matter · Physics 2016-08-17 Galien Grosjean , Maxime Hubert , Guillaume Lagubeau , Nicolas Vandewalle

The development of multifunctional and biocompatible microrobots for biomedical applications relies on achieving locomotion through viscous fluids. Here, we describe a framework for swimming in homogeneous magnetoelastic membranes composed…

Soft Condensed Matter · Physics 2022-06-02 Chase Austyn Brisbois , Mónica Olvera de la Cruz

Suspensions of swimming micro-organisms are known to undergo intricate collective dynamics as a result of hydrodynamic and collision interactions. Micro-swimmers, such as bacteria and micro-algae, naturally live and have evolved in complex…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2025-10-31 Yasser Almoteri , Enkeleida Lushi

Adaptation of the chemotaxis sensory pathway of the bacterium Escherichia coli is integral for detecting chemicals over a wide range of background concentrations, ultimately allowing cells to swim towards sources of attractant and away from…

Cell Behavior · Quantitative Biology 2015-05-18 Diana Clausznitzer , Olga Oleksiuk , Linda Lovdok , Victor Sourjik , Robert G. Endres

The molecular motor protein kinesin plays a key role in fundamental cellular processes such as intracellular transport, mitotic spindle formation, and cytokinesis, with important implications for neurodegenerative and cancer disease…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2014-11-18 B. D. Jacobson , L. J. Herskowitz , S. J. Koch , S. R. Atlas

A small, bimetallic particle in a hydrogen peroxide solution can propel itself by means of an electrocatalytic reaction. The swimming is driven by a flux of ions around the particle. We model this process for the presence of a monovalent…

Soft Condensed Matter · Physics 2015-06-04 Benedikt Sabass , Udo Seifert

We investigate the applicability of the Method of Regularized Stokeslets (MRS) in the simulation of micro-swimmers at low Reynolds number. The chosen model for the study is the well-known three linked spheres swimmer. We compare our results…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2021-03-10 Henrique N. Lengler

Microorganisms are rarely found in Nature swimming freely in an unbounded fluid. Instead, they typically encounter other organisms, hard walls, or deformable boundaries such as free interfaces or membranes. Hydrodynamic interactions between…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2013-10-21 Marcelo A. Dias , Thomas R. Powers

A simple way to generate propulsion at low Reynolds number is to periodically oscillate a passive flexible filament. Here we present a macroscopic experimental investigation of such a propulsive mechanism. A robotic swimmer is constructed…

Soft Condensed Matter · Physics 2008-10-02 Tony S. Yu , Eric Lauga , A. E. Hosoi

Many microorganisms swim in a highly heterogeneous environment with obstacles such as fibers or polymers. To better understand how this environment affects microorganism swimming, we study propulsion of a cylinder or filament in a fluid…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2016-04-13 Nguyenho Ho , Karin Leiderman , Sarah D. Olson

Motile microorganisms, like bacteria and algae, unify abilities like self-propulsion, autonomous navigation, and decision-making on the micron scale. While recent breakthroughs have led to the creation of synthetic microswimmers and…

Soft Condensed Matter · Physics 2026-02-06 Aritra K. Mukhopadhyay , Ran Niu , Linhui Fu , Kai Feng , Christopher Fujta , Qiang Zhao , Jinping Qu , Benno Liebchen

The conformational and dynamical properties of active Brownian polymers embedded in a fluid depend on the nature of the driving mechanism, e.g., self-propulsion or external actuation of the monomers. Implementations of self-propelled and…

Soft Condensed Matter · Physics 2022-01-24 Judit Clopés Llahí , Aitor Martín-Gómez , Gerhard Gompper , Roland G. Winkler

Self-oscillating gels are chemically-responsive hydrogels coupled to an oscillating chemical reaction of a stimulus solute. In response to the oscillating solute concentration field, responsive gels periodically swell and deswell, expelling…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2025-09-18 Joseph J. Webber , Thomas D. Montenegro-Johnson

Depending on multiple parameters, soft robots can exhibit different modes of locomotion that are difficult to model numerically. As a result, improving their performance is complex, especially in small-scale systems characterized by low…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Mikołaj Rogóż , Zofia Dziekan , Piotr Wasylczyk

Self-propelled micron-size particles suspended in a fluid, like bacteria or synthetic microswimmers, are strongly non-equilibrium systems where particle motility breaks the microscopic detailed balance, often resulting in large-scale…

Soft Condensed Matter · Physics 2024-03-15 Dóra Bárdfalvy , Viktor Škultéty , Cesare Nardini , Alexander Morozov , Joakim Stenhammar

Self-propulsion at low Reynolds number is notoriously restricted, a concept that is commonly known as the "scallop theorem". Here we present a truly self-propelled swimmer (force- and torque- free) that, while unable to swim in a Newtonian…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2021-11-23 Laurel A. Kroo , Jeremy P. Binagia , Noah Eckman , Manu Prakash , Eric S. G. Shaqfeh